[Effective until July 1, 2023. See note.] Creation of county boards of equalization; duties; review of assessments; appeals.

(b) Qualifications of board of equalization members.

(1) Each person who is, in the judgment of the appointing grand jury, qualified and competent to serve as a grand juror, who is the owner of real property located in the county where such person is appointed to serve, or, in the case of a regional board of equalization, is the owner of real property located in any county in the region where such person is appointed to serve, and who is at least a high school graduate shall be qualified, competent, and compellable to serve as a member or alternate member of the county board of equalization. No member of the governing authority of a county, municipality, or consolidated government; member of a county or independent board of education; member of the county board of tax assessors; employee of the county board of tax assessors; or county tax appraiser shall be competent to serve as a member or alternate member of the county board of equalization.

(2) (A) Each person seeking to be appointed as a member or alternate member of a county board of equalization shall, not later than immediately prior to the time of his or her appointment under subsection (c) of this Code section, file with the clerk of the superior court a uniform application form which shall be a public record. The Council of Superior Court Clerks of Georgia created under Code Section 15-6-50.2 shall design the form which indicates the applicant’s education, employment background, experience, and qualifications for such appointment.

(B) (i) Within the first year after a member’s initial appointment to the board of equalization, each member shall satisfactorily complete not less than 40 hours of instruction in appraisal and equalization processes and procedures, as prepared and required by the commissioner pursuant to Code Section 48-5-13.

(ii) The failure of any member to fulfill the requirements of the applicable provisions of division (i) of this subparagraph shall render such member ineligible to serve on the board; and the vacancy created thereby shall be filled in the same manner as other vacancies on the board are filled.

(C) (i) Any person appointed to a board of equalization shall be required to complete annually a continuing education requirement of at least eight hours of instruction in appraisal and equalization procedures, as prepared and required by the commissioner pursuant to Code Section 48-5-13.

(ii) The failure of any member to fulfill the requirements of division (i) of this subparagraph shall render such member ineligible to serve on the board; and the vacancy created thereby shall be filled in the same manner as other vacancies on the board are filled.

(c) Appointment of board of equalization members.

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, each member and alternate member of the county board of equalization shall be appointed for a term of three calendar years next succeeding the date of such member or such alternate member’s selection. Each term shall begin on January 1.

(2) The grand jury in each county at any term of court preceding November 1 of 1991 shall select three persons who are otherwise qualified to serve as members of the county board of equalization and shall also select three persons who are otherwise qualified to serve as alternate members of the county board of equalization. The three individuals selected as alternates shall be designated as alternate one, alternate two, and alternate three, with the most recent appointee being alternate number three, the next most recent appointee being alternate number two, and the most senior appointee being alternate number one. One member and one alternate shall be appointed for terms of one year, one member and one alternate shall be appointed for two years, and one member and one alternate shall be appointed for three years. Each year thereafter, the grand jury of each county shall select one member and one alternate for three-year terms.

(3) If a vacancy occurs on the county board of equalization, the individual designated as alternate one shall then serve as a member of the board of equalization for the unexpired term. If a vacancy occurs among the alternate members, the grand jury then in session or the next grand jury shall select an individual who is otherwise qualified to serve as an alternate member of the county board of equalization for the unexpired term. The individual so selected shall become alternate member three, and the other two alternates shall be redesignated appropriately.

(4) Within five days after the names of the members and alternate members of the county board or boards of equalization have been selected, the clerk of the superior court shall cause such appointees to appear before the clerk of the superior court for the purpose of taking and executing in writing the oath of office. The clerk of the superior court may utilize any means necessary for such purpose, including, but not limited to, telephonic or other communication, regular first-class mail, or issuance of and delivery to the sheriff or deputy sheriff a precept containing the names of the persons so selected. Within ten days of receiving the precept, the sheriff or deputy sheriff shall cause the persons whose names are written on the precept to be served personally or by leaving the summons at their place of residence. The summons shall direct the persons named on the summons to appear before the clerk of the superior court on a date specified in the summons, which date shall not be later than December 15.

(5) Each member and alternate member of the county board of equalization, on the date prescribed for appearance before the clerk of the superior court and before entering on the discharge of such member and alternate member’s duties, shall take and execute in writing before the clerk of the superior court the following oath: “I, , agree to serve as a member of the board of equalization of the County of and will decide any issue put before me without favor or affection to any party and without prejudice for or against any party. I will follow and apply the laws of this state. I also agree not to discuss any case or any issue with any person other than members of the board of equalization except at any appeal hearing. I shall faithfully and impartially discharge my duties in accordance with the Constitution and laws of this state, to the best of my skill and knowledge. So help me God. Signature of member or alternate member” In addition to the oath of office prescribed in this paragraph, the presiding or chief judge of the superior court or the appeal administrator shall charge each member and alternate member of the county board of equalization with the law and duties relating to such office. Click to view

(d) Duties and powers of board of equalization members.

(1) The county board of equalization shall hear and determine appeals from assessments and denials of homestead exemptions as provided in subsection (e) of this Code section.

(2) If, in the course of determining an appeal, the county board of equalization finds reason to believe that the property involved in an appeal or the class of property in which is included the property involved in an appeal is not uniformly assessed with other property included in the digest, the board shall request the respective parties to the appeal to present relevant information with respect to that question. If the board determines that uniformity is not present, the board may order the county board of tax assessors to take such action as is necessary to obtain uniformity, except that, when a question of county-wide uniformity is considered by the board, the board may recommend a partial or total county-wide revaluation only upon a determination by a majority of all the members of the board that the clear and convincing weight of the evidence requires such action. The board of equalization may act pursuant to this paragraph whether or not the appellant has raised the issue of uniformity.

(3) The board shall establish procedures which comply strictly with the regulations promulgated by the commissioner pursuant to subparagraph (e)(1)(D) of this Code section for the conducting of appeals before the board. The procedures shall be entered into the minutes of the board, and a copy of the procedures shall be made available to any individual upon request.

(4) (A) The appeal administrator shall have oversight over and supervision of all boards of equalization of the county and hearing officers. This oversight and supervision shall include, but not be limited to, requiring appointment of members of county boards of equalization by the grand jury; giving the notice of the appointment of members and alternates of the county board of equalization by the county grand jury as required by Code Section 15-12-81; collecting the names of possible appointees; collecting information from possible appointees as to their qualifications; presenting the names of the possible appointees to the county grand jury; processing the appointments as required by paragraph (4) of subsection (c) of this Code section, including administering the oath of office to the newly appointed members and alternates of the county board of equalization as required by paragraph (5) of such subsection; instructing the newly appointed members and alternates as to the training they must receive and the operations of the county board of equalization; presenting to the grand jury of the county the names of possible appointees to fill vacancies as provided in paragraph (3) of such subsection; maintaining a roster of board members and alternates, maintaining a record showing that the board members and alternates completed training, keeping attendance records of board members and alternates for the purpose of payment for service, and maintaining the uniform application forms and keeping a record of the appointment dates of board members and alternates and their terms in office; and informing the county board of equalization that it must establish by regulation procedures for conducting appeals before the board as required by paragraph (3) of this subsection. Oversight and supervision shall also include the scheduling of board hearings, assistance in scheduling hearings before hearing officers, and giving notice of the date, time, and place of hearings to the taxpayers and the county board of tax assessors and giving notice of the decisions of the county board of equalization or hearing officer to the taxpayer and county board of tax assessors as required by division (e)(6)(D)(i) of this Code section.

(B) The county governing authority shall provide any resources to the appeal administrator that are required to be provided by paragraph (7) of subsection (e) of this Code section.

(C) The county governing authority shall provide to the appeal administrator facilities and secretarial and clerical help for appeals pursuant to subsection (e.1) of this Code section.

(C.1) The operations of the appeal administrator under this Code section shall, for budgeting purposes, constitute a distinct budget unit within the county budget that is separate from the operations of the clerk of the superior court. The appeal administrator budget unit shall contain a separate line item for the compensation of the appeal administrator for the performance of duties required under this Code section as well as separate line items for resources, facilities, and personnel as specified under subparagraphs (B) and (C) of this paragraph.

(D) The appeal administrator shall maintain any county records of all notices to the taxpayer and the taxpayer’s attorney, of certified receipts of returned or unclaimed mail, and from the hearings before the board of equalization and before hearing officers for 12 months after the deadline to file any appeal to the superior court expires. If an appeal is not filed to the superior court, the appeal administrator is authorized to properly destroy any records from the hearings before the county board of equalization or hearing officers but shall maintain records of all notices to the taxpayer and the taxpayer’s attorney and certified receipts of returned or unclaimed mail for 12 months. If an appeal to the superior court is filed, the appeal administrator shall file such appeal and records in the civil action that is considered open by the clerk of superior court for such appeal, and such records shall become part of the record on appeal in accordance with paragraph (2) of subsection (g) of this Code section.

(e) Appeal.

(1) (A) Any taxpayer or property owner as of the last date for filing an appeal may elect to file an appeal from an assessment by the county board of tax assessors to:

(i) The county board of equalization as to matters of taxability, uniformity of assessment, and value, and, for residents, as to denials of homestead exemptions pursuant to paragraph (2) of this subsection;

(ii) An arbitrator as to matters of value pursuant to subsection (f) of this Code section;

(iii) A hearing officer as to matters of value and uniformity of assessment for a parcel of nonhomestead real property with a fair market value in excess of $500,000.00 as shown on the taxpayer’s annual notice of current assessment under Code Section 48-5-306, and any contiguous nonhomestead real property owned by the same taxpayer, pursuant to subsection (e.1) of this Code section; or

(iv) A hearing officer as to matters of values or uniformity of assessment of one or more account numbers of wireless property as defined in subparagraph (e.1)(1)(B) of this Code section with an aggregate fair market value in excess of $500,000.00 as shown on the taxpayer’s annual notice of current assessment under Code Section 48-5-306, pursuant to subsection (e.1) of this Code section.

(A.1) The commissioner shall establish by rule and regulation a uniform appeal form that the taxpayer may use. Such uniform appeal form shall require the initial assertion of a valuation of the property by the taxpayer.

(A.2) A taxpayer’s failure to return real property or whether or not such real property was deemed returned for taxation shall not affect such taxpayer’s right to appeal pursuant to this Code section.

(B) In addition to the grounds enumerated in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, any taxpayer having property that is located within a municipality, the boundaries of which municipality extend into more than one county, may also appeal from an assessment on such property by the county board of tax assessors to the county board of equalization, to a hearing officer, or to arbitration as to matters of uniformity of assessment of such property with other properties located within such municipality, and any uniformity adjustments to the assessment that may result from such appeal shall only apply for municipal ad valorem tax purposes.

(B.1) The taxpayer or his or her agent or representative may submit in support of his or her appeal an appraisal given, signed, and certified as such by a real property appraiser as classified by the Georgia Real Estate Commission and the Georgia Real Estate Appraisers Board which was performed not later than nine months prior to the date of assessment. The board of tax assessors shall consider the appraisal upon request. Within 45 days of the receipt of the taxpayer’s appraisal, the board of tax assessors shall notify the taxpayer or his or her agent or representative of acceptance of the appraisal or shall notify the taxpayer or his or her agent or representative of the reasons for rejection.

(B.2) The taxpayer or his or her agent or representative may submit in support of his or her appeal the most current report of the sales ratio study for the county conducted pursuant to Code Section 48-5-274. The board of tax assessors shall consider such sales ratio study upon request of the taxpayer or his or her agent or representative.

(B.3) Any assertion of value by the taxpayer on the uniform appeal form made to the board of tax assessors shall be subject to later amendment or revision by the taxpayer by submission of written evidence to the board of tax assessors.

(B.4) If more than one property of a taxpayer is under appeal, the board of equalization, arbitrator, or hearing officer, as the case may be, shall, upon request of the taxpayer, consolidate all such appeals in one hearing and shall announce separate decisions as to each parcel or item of property. Any appeal from such a consolidated hearing to the superior court as provided in subsection (g) of this Code section shall constitute a single civil action and, unless the taxpayer specifically so indicates in the taxpayer’s notice of appeal, shall apply to all such parcels or items of property.

(B.5) Within ten days of a final determination of value under this Code section and the expiration of the 30 day appeal period provided by subsection (g) of this Code section, or, as otherwise provided by law, with no further option to appeal, the county board of tax assessors shall forward such final determination of value to the tax commissioner.

(C) Appeals to the county board of equalization shall be conducted in the manner provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection. Appeals to a hearing officer shall be conducted in the manner specified in subsection (e.1) of this Code section. Appeals to an arbitrator shall be conducted in the manner specified in subsection (f) of this Code section. Such appeal proceedings shall be conducted between the hours of 8:00 A.M. and 7:00 P.M. on a business day. Following the notification of the taxpayer of the date and time of such taxpayer’s scheduled hearing, the taxpayer shall be authorized to exercise a one-time option of changing the date and time of the taxpayer’s scheduled hearing to a day and time acceptable to the taxpayer and the county board of tax assessors. The appeal administrator shall grant additional extensions to the taxpayer or the county board of tax assessors for good cause shown, or by agreement of the parties.

(D) The commissioner, by regulation, shall adopt uniform procedures and standards which shall be followed by county boards of equalization, hearing officers, and arbitrators in determining appeals. Such rules shall be updated and revised periodically and reviewed no less frequently than every five years. The commissioner shall publish and update annually a manual for use by county boards of equalization, arbitrators, and hearing officers.

(2) (A) An appeal shall be effected by emailing, if the county board of tax assessors has adopted a written policy consenting to electronic service, by mailing to, or by filing with the county board of tax assessors a notice of appeal within 45 days from the date of mailing the notice pursuant to Code Section 48-5-306. A written objection to an assessment of real property received by a county board of tax assessors stating the location of the real property and the identification number, if any, contained in the tax notice shall be deemed a notice of appeal by the taxpayer under the grounds listed in paragraph (1) of this subsection. A written objection to an assessment of personal property received by a county board of tax assessors giving the account number, if any, contained in the tax notice and stating that the objection is to an assessment of personal property shall be deemed a notice of appeal by the taxpayer under the grounds listed in paragraph (1) of this subsection. The county board of tax assessors shall review the valuation or denial in question, and, if any changes or corrections are made in the valuation or decision in question, the board shall send a notice of the changes or corrections to the taxpayer pursuant to Code Section 48-5-306. Such notice shall also explain the taxpayer’s right to appeal to the county board of equalization as provided in subparagraph (C) of this paragraph if the taxpayer is dissatisfied with the changes or corrections made by the county board of tax assessors.

(B) If no changes or corrections are made in the valuation or decision, the county board of tax assessors shall send written notice thereof to the taxpayer, to any authorized agent or representative of the taxpayer to whom the taxpayer has requested that such notice be sent, and to the county board of equalization which notice shall also constitute the taxpayer’s appeal to the county board of equalization without the necessity of the taxpayer’s filing any additional notice of appeal to the county board of tax assessors or to the county board of equalization. The county board of tax assessors shall also send or deliver all necessary papers to the county board of equalization. If, however, the taxpayer and the county board of tax assessors execute a signed agreement as to valuation, the appeal shall terminate as of the date of such signed agreement.

(C) If changes or corrections are made by the county board of tax assessors, the board shall notify the taxpayer in writing of such changes. The commissioner shall develop and make available to county boards of tax assessors a suitable form which shall be used in such notification to the taxpayer. The notice shall be sent by regular mail properly addressed to the address or addresses the taxpayer provided to the county board of tax assessors and to any authorized agent or representative of the taxpayer to whom the taxpayer has requested that such notice be sent. If the taxpayer is dissatisfied with such changes or corrections, the taxpayer shall, within 30 days of the date of mailing of the change notice, notify the county board of tax assessors to continue the taxpayer’s appeal to the county board of equalization by emailing, if the county board of tax assessors has adopted a written policy consenting to electronic service, or by mailing to or filing with the county board of tax assessors a written notice of continuance. The county board of tax assessors shall send or deliver the notice of appeal and all necessary papers to the county board of equalization.

(D) The written notice to the taxpayer required by this paragraph shall contain a statement of the grounds for rejection of any position the taxpayer has asserted with regard to the valuation of the property. No addition to or amendment of such grounds as to such position shall be permitted before the county board of equalization.

(3) (A) In each year, the county board of tax assessors shall review the appeal and notify the taxpayer (i) if there are no changes or corrections in the valuation or decision, or (ii) of any corrections or changes within 180 days after receipt of the taxpayer’s notice of appeal. If the county board of tax assessors fails to respond to the taxpayer within such 180 day period, the property valuation asserted by the taxpayer on the property tax return or the taxpayer’s notice of appeal shall become the assessed fair market value for the taxpayer’s property for the tax year under appeal. If no such assertion of value was submitted by the taxpayer, the appeal shall be forwarded to the county board of equalization.

(B) In any county in which the number of appeals exceeds a number equal to or greater than 3 percent of the total number of parcels in the county or the sum of the current assessed value of the parcels under appeal is equal to or greater than 3 percent of the gross tax digest of the county, the county board of tax assessors may be granted an additional 180 day period to make its determination and notify the taxpayer. However, as a condition to receiving such an extension, the county board of tax assessors shall, at least 30 days before the expiration of the 180 day period provided under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, notify each affected taxpayer of the additional 180 day review period provided in this subparagraph by mail or electronic communication, including posting notice on the website of the county board of tax assessors if such a website is available. Such additional period shall commence immediately following the last day of the 180 days provided for under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph. If the county board of tax assessors fails to review the appeal and notify the taxpayer of either no changes or of any corrections or changes not later than the last day of such additional 180 day period, then the most recent property tax valuation asserted by the taxpayer on the property tax return or on appeal shall prevail and shall be deemed the value established on such appeal unless a time extension is granted under subparagraph (C) of this paragraph. If no such assertion of value was submitted by the taxpayer, the appeal shall be forwarded to the county board of equalization.

(C) Upon a sufficient showing of good cause by reason of unforeseen circumstances proven to the commissioner at least 30 days prior to the expiration of the additional 180 day period provided for under subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the commissioner shall be authorized, in the commissioner’s sole discretion, to provide for a time extension beyond the end of such additional 180 day period. The duration of any such time extension shall be specified in writing by the commissioner and, at least 30 days prior to the expiration of the extension provided for under subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, shall be sent to each affected taxpayer and shall also be posted on the website of the county board of tax assessors if such a website is available. If the county board of tax assessors fails to make its review and notify the taxpayer and the taxpayer’s attorney not later than 30 days before the last day of such time extension, the most recent property tax valuation asserted by the taxpayer on the property tax return or on the taxpayer’s notice of appeal shall prevail and shall be deemed the value established on such appeal. If no such assertion of value was submitted by the taxpayer, the appeal shall be forwarded to the county board of equalization. In addition, the commissioner shall be authorized to require additional training or require such other remediation as the commissioner may deem appropriate for failure to meet the deadline imposed by the commissioner under this subparagraph.

(4) The determination by the county board of tax assessors of questions of factual characteristics of the property under appeal, as opposed to questions of value, shall be prima-facie correct in any appeal to the county board of equalization. However, the board of tax assessors shall have the burden of proving its opinions of value and the validity of its proposed assessment by a preponderance of evidence.

(5) The county board of equalization shall determine all questions presented to it on the basis of the best information available to the board.

(6) (A) Within 15 days of the receipt of the notice of appeal, the county board of equalization shall set a date for a hearing on the questions presented and shall so notify the taxpayer and the county board of tax assessors in writing. Such notice shall be sent by first-class mail to the taxpayer and to any authorized agent or representative of the taxpayer to whom the taxpayer has requested that such notice be sent. Such notice shall be transmitted by email to the county board of tax assessors if such board has adopted a written policy consenting to electronic service, and, if it has not, then such notice shall be sent to such board by first-class mail or intergovernmental mail. Such written notice shall advise each party that he or she may request a list of witnesses, documents, or other written evidence to be presented at the hearing by the other party. Such request must be made not less than ten days prior to the hearing date, and such information shall be provided to the requesting party not less than seven days prior to the time of the hearing. Any failure to comply with this requirement shall be grounds for an automatic continuance or for exclusion of such witness, documents, or other written evidence. A taxpayer may appear before the board of equalization concerning any appeal in person, by his or her authorized agent or representative, or both. The appeal administrator, in his or her discretion and with the consent of all parties, may alternatively conduct the hearing by audio or video teleconference or any other remote communication medium. The taxpayer shall specify in writing to the board of equalization the name of any such agent or representative prior to any appearance by the agent or representative before the board.

(B) Within 30 days of the date of notification to the taxpayer of the hearing required in this paragraph but not earlier than 20 days from the date of such notification to the taxpayer, the county board of equalization shall hold such hearing to determine the questions presented.

(C) If more than one property of a taxpayer is under appeal, the board of equalization shall, upon request of the taxpayer, consolidate all such appeals in one hearing and announce separate decisions as to each parcel or item of property. Any appeal from such a consolidated board of equalization hearing to the superior court as provided in this subsection shall constitute a single civil action, and, unless the taxpayer specifically so indicates in his or her notice of appeal, shall apply to all such parcels or items of property.

(D) (i) The board of equalization shall announce its decision on each appeal at the conclusion of the hearing held in accordance with subparagraph (B) of this paragraph before proceeding with another hearing. The decision of the county board of equalization shall be in writing, shall be signed by each member of the board, shall specifically decide each question presented by the appeal, shall specify the reason or reasons for each such decision as to the specific issues of taxability, uniformity of assessment, value, or denial of homestead exemptions depending upon the specific issue or issues raised by the taxpayer in the course of such taxpayer’s appeal, shall state that with respect to the appeal no member of the board is disqualified from acting by virtue of subsection (j) of this Code section, and shall certify the date on which notice of the decision is given to the parties. Notice of the decision shall be delivered by hand to each party, with written receipt, or given to each party by sending a copy of the decision by registered or certified mail or statutory overnight delivery to the appellant and by filing the original copy of the decision with the county board of tax assessors. Each of the three members of the county board of equalization must be present and must participate in the deliberations on any appeal. A majority vote shall be required in any matter. All three members of the board shall sign the decision indicating their vote.

(ii) Except as otherwise provided in subparagraph (g)(4)(B) of this Code section, the county board of tax assessors shall use the valuation of the county board of equalization in compiling the tax digest for the county for the year in question and shall indicate such valuation as the previous year’s value on the property tax notice of assessment of such taxpayer for the immediately following year rather than substituting the valuation which was changed by the county board of equalization.

(iii) (I) If the county’s tax bills are issued before an appeal has been finally determined, the county board of tax assessors shall specify to the county tax commissioner the lesser of the valuation in the last year for which taxes were finally determined to be due on the property or 85 percent of the current year’s value, unless the property in issue is homestead property and has been issued a building permit and structural improvements have occurred, or structural improvements have been made without a building permit, in which case, it shall specify 85 percent of the current year’s valuation as set by the county board of tax assessors. Depending on the circumstances of the property, this amount shall be the basis for a temporary tax bill to be issued; provided, however, that a nonhomestead owner of a single property valued at $2 million or more may elect to pay the temporary tax bill which specifies 85 percent of the current year’s valuation; or, such owner may elect to pay the amount of the difference between the 85 percent tax bill based on the current year’s valuation and the tax bill based on the valuation from the last year for which taxes were finally determined to be due on the property in conjunction with the amount of the tax bill based on valuation from the last year for which taxes were finally determined to be due on the property, to the tax commissioner’s office. Only the amount which represents the difference between the tax bill based on the current year’s valuation and the tax bill based on the valuation from the last year for which taxes were finally determined to be due will be held in an escrow account by the tax commissioner’s office. Once the appeal is concluded, the escrowed funds shall be released by the tax commissioner’s office to the prevailing party. The taxpayer may elect to pay the temporary tax bill in the amount of 100 percent of the current year’s valuation if no substantial property improvement has occurred. The county tax commissioner shall have the authority to adjust such tax bill to reflect the 100 percent value as requested by the taxpayer. Such tax bill shall be accompanied by a notice to the taxpayer that the bill is a temporary tax bill pending the outcome of the appeal process. Such notice shall also indicate that, upon resolution of the appeal, there may be additional taxes due or a refund issued.

(II) For the purposes of this Code section, any final value that causes a reduction in taxes and creates a refund that is owed to the taxpayer shall be paid by the tax commissioner to the taxpayer, entity, or transferee who paid the taxes with interest, as provided in subsection (m) of this Code section.

(III) For the purposes of this Code section, any final value that causes an increase in taxes and creates an additional billing shall be paid to the tax commissioner as any other tax due along with interest, as provided in subsection (m) of this Code section.

(7) The appeal administrator shall furnish the county board of equalization necessary facilities and administrative help. The appeal administrator shall see that the records and information of the county board of tax assessors are transmitted to the county board of equalization. The county board of equalization shall consider in the performance of its duties the information furnished by the county board of tax assessors and the taxpayer.

(8) If at any time during the appeal process to the county board of equalization the county board of tax assessors and the taxpayer mutually agree in writing on the fair market value, then the county board of tax assessors, or the county board of equalization, as the case may be, shall enter the agreed amount in all appropriate records as the fair market value of the property under appeal, and the appeal shall be concluded. The provisions in subsection (c) of Code Section 48-5-299 shall apply to the agreed-upon valuation unless otherwise waived by both parties.

(9) Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, on any real property tax appeal made under this Code section on and after January 1, 2016, the assessed value being appealed may be lowered by the deciding body based upon the evidence presented but cannot be increased from the amount assessed by the county board of tax assessors. This paragraph shall not apply to any appeal where the taxpayer files an appeal during a time when subsection (c) of Code Section 48-5-299 is in effect for the assessment being appealed.

(e.1) Appeals to hearing officer.

(1) (A) For any dispute involving the value or uniformity of a parcel of nonhomestead real property with a fair market value in excess of $500,000.00 as shown on the taxpayer’s annual notice of current assessment under Code Section 48-5-306, at the option of the taxpayer, an appeal may be submitted to a hearing officer in accordance with this subsection. If such taxpayer owns nonhomestead real property contiguous to such qualified nonhomestead real property, at the option of the taxpayer, such contiguous property may be consolidated with the qualified property for purposes of the hearing under this subsection.

(B) (i) As used in this subparagraph, the term “wireless property” means tangible personal property or equipment used directly for the provision of wireless services by a provider of wireless services which is attached to or is located underneath a wireless cell tower or at a network data center location but which is not permanently affixed to such tower or data center so as to constitute a fixture.

(ii) For any dispute involving the values or uniformity of one or more account numbers of wireless property as defined in this subparagraph with an aggregate fair market value in excess of $500,000.00 as shown on the taxpayer’s annual notice of current assessment under Code Section 48-5-306, at the option of the taxpayer, an appeal may be submitted to a hearing officer in accordance with this subsection.

(2) Individuals desiring to serve as hearing officers and who are either state certified general real property appraisers or state certified residential real property appraisers as classified by the Georgia Real Estate Commission and the Georgia Real Estate Appraisers Board for real property appeals or are designated appraisers by a nationally recognized appraiser’s organization for wireless property appeals shall complete and submit an application, a list of counties the hearing officer is willing to serve, disqualification questionnaire, and resume and be approved by the Georgia Real Estate Commission and the Georgia Real Estate Appraisers Board to serve as a hearing officer. Such board shall annually publish a list of qualified and approved hearing officers for Georgia.

(3) The appeal administrator shall furnish any hearing officer so selected the necessary facilities.

(4) An appeal shall be effected by emailing, if the county board of tax assessors has adopted a written policy consenting to electronic service, or by filing with the county board of tax assessors a notice of appeal to a hearing officer within 45 days from the date of mailing the notice of assessment pursuant to Code Section 48-5-306. A written objection to an assessment of real property or wireless property received by a county board of tax assessors stating the taxpayer’s election to appeal to a hearing officer and showing the location of the real property or wireless property contained in the assessment notice shall be deemed a notice of appeal by the taxpayer.

(5) The county board of tax assessors may for no more than 90 days review the taxpayer’s written appeal, and if changes or corrections are made by the county board of tax assessors, the board shall notify the taxpayer in writing of such changes. Within 30 days of the county board of tax assessors’ mailing of such notice, the taxpayer may notify the county board of tax assessors in writing that the changes or corrections made by the county board of tax assessors are not acceptable, in which case, the county board of tax assessors shall, within 30 days of the date of mailing of such taxpayer’s notification, send or deliver all necessary documentation to the appeal administrator, in paper or electronic format as agreed upon by the county board of tax assessors and appeal administrator, and mail a copy to the taxpayer or, alternatively, forward the appeal to the board of equalization if so elected by the taxpayer and such election is included in the taxpayer’s notification that the changes are not acceptable. If, after review, the county board of tax assessors determines that no changes or corrections are warranted, the county board of tax assessors shall notify the taxpayer of such decision. The taxpayer may elect to forward the appeal to the board of equalization by notifying the county board of tax assessors within 30 days of the mailing of the county board of tax assessor’s notice of no changes or corrections. Upon the expiration of 30 days following the mailing of the county board of tax assessors’ notice of no changes or corrections, the county board of tax assessors shall certify the notice of appeal and send or deliver all necessary documentation to the appeal administrator, in paper or electronic format as agreed upon by the county board of tax assessors and appeal administrator, for the appeal to the hearing officer, or board of equalization if elected by the taxpayer, and mail a copy to the taxpayer. If the county board of tax assessors fails to respond in writing, either with changes or no changes, to the taxpayer within 180 days after receiving the taxpayer’s notice of appeal, the property valuation asserted by the taxpayer on the property tax return or the taxpayer’s notice of appeal shall become the assessed fair market value for the taxpayer’s property for the tax year under appeal.

(6) (A) The appeal administrator shall randomly select from such list a hearing officer who shall have experience or expertise in hearing or appraising the type of property that is the subject of appeal to hear the appeal, unless the taxpayer and the county board of tax assessors mutually agree upon a hearing officer from such list. The appeal administrator shall notify the taxpayer and the taxpayer’s attorney in compliance with subsection (o) of this Code section of the name of the hearing officer and transmit a copy of the hearing officer’s disqualification questionnaire and resume provided for under paragraph (2) of this subsection. If no hearing officer is appointed or if no hearing is scheduled within 180 days after the county board of tax assessors receives the taxpayer’s notice of appeal, the property valuation asserted by the taxpayer on the property tax return or the taxpayer’s notice of appeal shall become the assessed fair market value for the taxpayer’s property for the tax year under appeal, and subsection (c) of Code Section 48-5-299 shall apply. The hearing officer, in conjunction with all parties to the appeal, shall set a time and place to hear evidence and testimony from both parties. The hearing shall take place in the county where the property is located, or such other place as mutually agreed to by the parties and the hearing officer. The hearing officer shall provide electronic or written notice to the parties personally or by registered or certified mail or statutory overnight delivery not less than ten days before the hearing. Such written notice shall advise each party that he or she may request a list of witnesses, documents, or other written evidence to be presented at the hearing by the other party. Such request must be made not less than ten days prior to the hearing date, and such information shall be provided to the requesting party not less than seven days prior to the time of the hearing. Any failure to comply with this requirement shall be grounds for an automatic continuance or for exclusion of such witnesses, documents, or other written evidence.

(B) If the appeal administrator, after a diligent search, cannot find a qualified hearing officer who is willing to serve, the appeal administrator shall transfer the certification of the appeal to the county or regional board of equalization and notify the taxpayer and the taxpayer’s attorney in compliance with subsection (o) of this Code section and the county board of tax assessors of the transmittal of such appeal.

(7) The hearing officer shall swear in all witnesses, perform the powers, duties, and authority of a county or regional board of equalization, and determine the fair market value of the real property or wireless property based upon the testimony and evidence presented during the hearing. Any issues other than fair market value and uniformity raised in the appeal shall be preserved for appeal to the superior court. The board of tax assessors shall have the burden of proving its opinion of value and the validity of its proposed assessment by a preponderance of evidence. At the conclusion of the hearing, the hearing officer shall notify both parties of the decision verbally and shall either send both parties the decision in writing or deliver the decision by hand to each party, with written receipt.

(8) The taxpayer or the board of tax assessors may appeal the decision of the hearing officer to the superior court as provided in subsection (g) of this Code section.

(9) If, at any time during the appeal under this subsection, the taxpayer and the county board of tax assessors execute a signed written agreement on the fair market value and any other issues raised: the appeal shall terminate as of the date of such signed agreement; the fair market value as set forth in such agreement shall become final; and subsection (c) of Code Section 48-5-299 shall apply.

(9.1) The provisions contained in this subsection may be waived at any time by written consent of the taxpayer and the county board of tax assessors.

(10) Each hearing officer shall be compensated by the county for time expended in hearing appeals. The compensation shall be paid at a rate of not less than $100.00 per hour for the first hour and not less than $25.00 per hour for each hour thereafter as determined by the county governing authority or as may be agreed upon by the parties with the consent of the county governing authority. Compensation pursuant to this paragraph shall be paid from the county treasury or, if the parties agree to pay compensation exceeding the minimum compensation set by this Code section, by a combination of the parties as agreed upon by the parties. The hearing officer shall receive such compensation upon certification by the hearing officer of the hours expended in hearing of appeals. The attendance at any training required by the commissioner shall be part of the qualifications of the hearing officer, and any nominal cost of such training shall be paid by the hearing officer.

(11) The commissioner shall promulgate rules and regulations for the proper administration of this subsection, including, but not limited to, qualifications; training, including an eight-hour course on Georgia property law, Georgia evidence law, preponderance of evidence, burden of proof, credibility of the witnesses, and weight of evidence; disqualification questionnaire; selection; removal; an annual continuing education requirement of at least four hours of instruction in recent legislation, current case law, and updates on appraisal and equalization procedures, as prepared and required by the commissioner; and any other matters necessary to the proper administration of this subsection. The failure of any hearing officer to fulfill the requirements of this paragraph shall render such officer ineligible to serve. Such rules and regulations shall also include a uniform appeal form which shall require the initial assertion of a valuation of the property by the taxpayer. Any such assertion of value shall be subject to later revision by the taxpayer based upon written evidence. The commissioner shall seek input from all interested parties prior to such promulgation.

(12) If the county’s tax bills are issued before the hearing officer has rendered his or her decision on property which is on appeal, a temporary tax bill shall be issued in the same manner as otherwise required under division (e)(6)(D)(iii) of this Code section.

(13) Upon determination of the final value, the temporary tax bill shall be adjusted as required under division (e)(6)(D)(iii) of this Code section.

(f) Nonbinding arbitration.

(1) As used in this subsection, the term “certified appraisal” means an appraisal or appraisal report given, signed, and certified as such by a real property appraiser as classified by the Georgia Real Estate Commission and the Georgia Real Estate Appraisers Board.

(2) At the option of the taxpayer, an appeal shall be submitted to nonbinding arbitration in accordance with this subsection.

(3) (A) Following an election by the taxpayer to use the arbitration provisions of this subsection, an arbitration appeal shall be effected by the taxpayer by emailing, if the county board of tax assessors has adopted a written policy consenting to electronic service, or by filing a written notice of arbitration appeal with the county board of tax assessors. The notice of arbitration appeal shall specifically state the grounds for arbitration. The notice shall be filed within 45 days from the date of mailing the notice pursuant to Code Section 48-5-306. Within ten days of receipt of a taxpayer’s notice of arbitration appeal, the board of tax assessors shall send to the taxpayer an acknowledgment of receipt of the appeal and a notice that the taxpayer shall, within 45 days of the date of transmittal of the acknowledgment of receipt of the appeal, provide to the county board of tax assessors for consideration a copy of a certified appraisal. Failure of the taxpayer to provide such certified appraisal within such 45 days shall terminate the appeal unless the taxpayer within such 45 day period elects to have the appeal immediately forwarded to the board of equalization. Prior to appointment of the arbitrator and within 45 days of the acknowledgment of the receipt of the appeal, the taxpayer shall provide a copy of the certified appraisal as specified in this paragraph to the county board of tax assessors for consideration. Within 45 days of receiving the taxpayer’s certified appraisal, the county board of tax assessors shall either accept the taxpayer’s appraisal, in which case that value shall become final, or the county board of tax assessors shall reject the taxpayer’s appraisal by sending within ten days of the date of such rejection a written notification by certified mail of such rejection to the taxpayer and the taxpayer’s attorney of record in compliance with subsection (o) of this Code section, in which case the county board of tax assessors shall certify within 45 days the appeal to the appeal administrator of the county in which the property is located along with any other documentation specified by the person seeking arbitration under this subsection, including, but not limited to, the staff information from the file used by the county board of tax assessors. In the event the taxpayer is not notified of a rejection of the taxpayer’s appraisal within such ten-day period, the taxpayer’s appraisal value shall become final. In the event that the county board of tax assessors neither accepts nor rejects the value set out in the certified appraisal within 45 days after the receipt of the certified appraisal, then the certified appraisal shall become the final value. All papers and information certified to the appeal administrator shall become a part of the record on arbitration. At the time of certification of the appeal, the county board of tax assessors shall serve the taxpayer and the taxpayer’s attorney of record in compliance with subsection (o) of this Code section, if any, or employee with a copy of the certification along with any other papers specified by the person seeking arbitration along with the civil action file number assigned to the appeal, if any. Within 15 days of filing the certification to the appeal administrator, the presiding or chief judge of the superior court of the circuit in which the property is located shall issue an order authorizing the arbitration.

(B) At any point, the county board of tax assessors and the taxpayer may execute a signed, written agreement establishing the fair market value without entering into or completing the arbitration process. The fair market value as set forth in such agreement shall become the final value.

(C) The arbitration shall be conducted pursuant to the following procedure:

(i) The county board of tax assessors shall, at the time the appeal is certified to the appeal administrator under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, provide to the taxpayer a notice of a meeting time and place to decide upon an arbitrator, to occur within 60 days after the date of sending the rejection of the taxpayer’s certified appraisal. Following the notification of the taxpayer of the date and time of the meeting, the taxpayer shall be authorized to exercise a one-time option of changing the date and time of the meeting to a date and time acceptable to the taxpayer and the county board of tax assessors. If the parties agree, the matter shall be submitted to a single arbitrator chosen by the parties. If the parties cannot agree on the single arbitrator, the arbitrator may be chosen by the presiding or chief judge of the superior court of the circuit in which the property is located within 30 days after the filing of a petition by either party;

(ii) In order to be qualified to serve as an arbitrator, a person shall be classified as a state certified general real property appraiser or state certified residential real property appraiser pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Georgia Real Estate Commission and the Georgia Real Estate Appraisers Board and shall have experience or expertise in appraising the type of property that is the subject of the arbitration;

(iii) The arbitrator, within 30 days after his or her appointment, shall set a time and place to hear evidence and testimony from both parties. The arbitrator shall provide written notice to the parties personally or by registered or certified mail or statutory overnight delivery not less than 21 days before the hearing. Such written notice shall advise each party that he or she may request a list of witnesses, documents, or other written evidence to be presented at the hearing by the other party. Such request must be made not less than ten days prior to the hearing date, and such information shall be provided to the requesting party not less than seven days prior to the time of the hearing. Any failure to comply with this requirement shall be grounds for an automatic continuance or for exclusion of such witnesses, documents, or other written evidence. The arbitrator, in consultation with the parties, may adjourn or postpone the hearing. Following notification of the taxpayer of the date and time of the hearing, the taxpayer shall be authorized to exercise a one-time option of changing the date and time of the hearing to a date and time acceptable to the taxpayer and the county board of tax assessors. The presiding or chief judge of the superior court of the circuit in which the property is located may direct the arbitrator to proceed promptly with the hearing and the determination of the appeal upon application of any party. The hearing shall occur in the county in which the property is located or such other place as may be agreed upon in writing by the parties;

(iv) At the hearing, the parties shall be entitled to be heard, to present documents, testimony, and other matters, and to cross-examine witnesses. The arbitrator may hear and determine the controversy upon the documents, testimony, and other matters produced notwithstanding the failure of a party duly notified to appear;

(v) The arbitrator shall maintain a record of all pleadings, documents, testimony, and other matters introduced at the hearing. The arbitrator or any party to the proceeding may have the proceedings transcribed by a court reporter;

(vi) The provisions of this paragraph may be waived at any time by written consent of the taxpayer and the board of tax assessors;

(vii) At the conclusion of the hearing, the arbitrator shall render a decision regarding the fair market value of the property subject to nonbinding arbitration;

(viii) In order to determine the fair market value, the arbitrator may consider the final value for the property submitted by the county board of tax assessors at the hearing and the final value submitted by the taxpayer at the hearing. The taxpayer shall be responsible for the cost of any appraisal by the taxpayer’s appraiser;

(ix) The arbitrator shall consider the final value submitted by the county board of tax assessors, the final value submitted by the taxpayer, and evidence supporting the values submitted by the county board of tax assessors and the taxpayer. The arbitrator shall determine the fair market value of the property under appeal. The arbitrator shall notify both parties of the decision verbally and shall either send both parties the decision in writing or deliver the decision by hand to each party, with written receipt;

(x) If the taxpayer’s value is closest to the fair market value determined by the arbitrator, the county shall be responsible for the fees and costs of such arbitrator. If the value of the board of tax assessors is closest to the fair market value determined by the arbitrator, the taxpayer shall be responsible for the fees and costs of such arbitrator; and

(xi) The board of tax assessors shall have the burden of proving its opinion of value and the validity of its proposed assessment by a preponderance of evidence.

(4) If the county’s tax bills are issued before an arbitrator has rendered his or her decision on property which is on appeal, a temporary tax bill shall be issued in the same manner as otherwise required under division (e)(6)(D)(iii) of this Code section.

(5) Upon determination of the final value, the temporary tax bill shall be adjusted as required under division (e)(6)(D)(iii) of this Code section.

(g) Appeals to the superior court.

(1) The taxpayer or the county board of tax assessors may appeal decisions of the county board of equalization, hearing officer, or arbitrator, as applicable, to the superior court of the county in which the property lies. By mutual written agreement, the taxpayer and the county board of tax assessors may waive an appeal to the county board of equalization and initiate an appeal under this subsection. A county board of tax assessors shall not appeal a decision of the county board of equalization, arbitrator, or hearing officer, as applicable, changing an assessment by 20 percent or less unless the board of tax assessors gives the county governing authority a written notice of its intention to appeal, and, within ten days of receipt of the notice, the county governing authority by majority vote does not prohibit the appeal. In the case of a joint city-county board of tax assessors, such notice shall be given to the city and county governing authorities, either of which may prohibit the appeal by majority vote within the allowed period of time.

(2) An appeal by the taxpayer as provided in paragraph (1) of this subsection shall be effected by emailing, if the county board of tax assessors has adopted a written policy consenting to electronic service, or by mailing to or filing with the county board of tax assessors a written notice of appeal. An appeal by the county board of tax assessors shall be effected by giving notice to the taxpayer. The notice to the taxpayer shall be dated and shall contain the name and the last known address of the taxpayer. The notice of appeal shall specifically state the grounds for appeal. The notice shall be mailed or filed within 30 days from the date on which the decision of the county board of equalization, hearing officer, or arbitrator is delivered pursuant to subparagraph (e)(6)(D), paragraph (7) of subsection (e.1), or division (f)(3)(C)(ix) of this Code section. Within 45 days of receipt of a taxpayer’s notice of appeal and before certification of the appeal to the superior court, the county board of tax assessors shall send to the taxpayer notice that a settlement conference, in which the county board of tax assessors and the taxpayer shall confer in good faith, will be held at a specified date and time which shall be no later than 30 days from the notice of the settlement conference, and notice of the amount of the filing fee, if any, required by the clerk of the superior court. The taxpayer may exercise a one-time option to reschedule the settlement conference to a different date and time acceptable to the taxpayer during normal business hours. After a settlement conference has convened, the parties may agree to continue the settlement conference to a later date. If at the end of the 45 day review period the county board of tax assessors elects not to hold a settlement conference, then the appeal shall terminate and the taxpayer’s stated value shall be entered in the records of the board of tax assessors as the fair market value for the year under appeal and the provisions of subsection (c) of Code Section 48-5-299 shall apply to such value. If the taxpayer chooses not to participate in the settlement conference, he or she may not seek and shall not be awarded fees and costs at such time when the appeal is settled in superior court. If at the conclusion of the settlement conference the parties reach an agreement, the settlement value shall be entered in the records of the county board of tax assessors as the fair market value for the tax year under appeal and the provisions of subsection (c) of Code Section 48-5-299 shall apply to such value. If at the conclusion of the settlement conference the parties cannot reach an agreement, then written notice shall be provided to the taxpayer that the filing fees must be paid by the taxpayer to the clerk of the superior court within 20 days of the date of the conference, with a copy of the check delivered to the county board of tax assessors. Notwithstanding any other provision of law to the contrary, the amount of the filing fee for an appeal under this subsection shall be $25.00. An appeal under this subsection shall not be subject to any other fees or additional costs otherwise required under any provision of Title 15 or under any other provision of law. Immediately following payment of such $25.00 filing fee by the taxpayer to the clerk of the superior court, the clerk shall remit the proceeds thereof to the governing authority of the county which shall deposit the proceeds into the general fund of the county. Within 30 days of receipt of proof of payment to the clerk of the superior court, the county board of tax assessors shall certify to the clerk of the superior court the notice of appeal and any other papers specified by the person appealing including, but not limited to, the staff information from the file used by the county board of tax assessors, the county board of equalization, the hearing officer, or the arbitrator. All papers and information certified to the clerk shall become a part of the record on appeal to the superior court. At the time of certification of the appeal, the county board of tax assessors shall serve the taxpayer and his or her attorney of record, if any, with a copy of the notice of appeal and with the civil action file number assigned to the appeal. Such service shall be effected in accordance with subsection (b) of Code Section 9-11-5. No discovery, motions, or other pleadings may be filed by the county board of tax assessors in the appeal until such service has been made.

(3) The appeal shall constitute a de novo action. The board of tax assessors shall have the burden of proving its opinions of value and the validity of its proposed assessment by a preponderance of evidence. Upon a failure of the board of tax assessors to meet such burden of proof, the court may, upon motion or sua sponte, authorize the finding that the value asserted by the board of tax assessors is unreasonable and authorize the determination of the final value of the property.

(4) (A) The appeal shall be placed on the court’s next available jury or bench trial calendar, at the taxpayer’s election, following the filing of the appeal unless continued by the court. If only questions of law are presented in the appeal, the appeal shall be heard as soon as practicable before the court sitting without a jury. Each hearing before the court sitting without a jury at the taxpayer’s election shall be held within 30 days following the date on which the appeal is filed with the clerk of the superior court.

(B) (i) The county board of tax assessors shall use the valuation of the county board of equalization, the hearing officer, or the arbitrator, as applicable, in compiling the tax digest for the county.

(ii) (I) If the final determination of value on appeal is less than the valuation thus used, the tax commissioner shall be authorized to adjust the taxpayer’s tax bill to reflect the final value for the year in question.

(II) If the final determination of value on appeal causes a reduction in taxes and creates a refund that is owed to the taxpayer, it shall be paid by the tax commissioner to the taxpayer, entity, or transferee who paid the taxes with interest, as provided in subsection (m) of this Code section.

(III) If the taxpayer appeals to the superior court pursuant to this subsection and the final determination of value on appeal is 85 percent or less of the valuation set by the county board of equalization, hearing officer, or arbitrator as to any real property, the taxpayer, in addition to the interest provided for in subsection (m) of this Code section, shall recover costs of litigation and reasonable attorney’s fees incurred in the action. Any appeal of an award of attorney’s fees by the county shall be specifically approved by the governing authority of the county.

(IV) If the board of assessors appeals to the superior court pursuant to this subsection and the final determination of value on appeal is 85 percent or less of the valuation set by the board of assessors as to any real property, the taxpayer, in addition to the interest provided for in subsection (m) of this Code section, shall recover costs of litigation and reasonable attorney’s fees incurred in the action. Any appeal of an award of attorney’s fees by the county shall be specifically approved by the governing authority of the county.

(iii) If the final determination of value on appeal is greater than the valuation set by the county board of equalization, hearing officer, or arbitrator, as applicable, causes an increase in taxes, and creates an additional billing, it shall be paid to the tax commissioner as any other tax due along with interest, as provided in subsection (m) of this Code section.

(g.1) Valuation. The provisions in subsection (c) of Code Section 48-5-299 shall apply to the valuation, unless otherwise waived in writing by both parties, as to:

(1) The valuation established or announced by any county board of equalization, arbitrator, hearing officer, or superior court; and

(2) Any written agreement or settlement of valuation reached by the county board of tax assessors and the taxpayer as permitted by this Code section.

(h) Recording of interviews or hearings.

(1) In the course of any assessment, appeal, or arbitration, or any related proceeding, the taxpayer shall be entitled to:

(A) Have an interview with an officer or employee who is authorized to discuss tax assessments of the board of tax assessors relating to the valuation of the taxpayer’s property subject to such assessment, appeal, arbitration, or related proceeding, and the taxpayer may record the interview at the taxpayer’s expense and with equipment provided by the taxpayer, and no such officer or employee of the board of tax assessors may refuse to participate in an interview relating to such valuation for reason of the taxpayer’s choice to record such interview; and

(B) Record, at the taxpayer’s expense and with equipment provided by the taxpayer, all proceedings before the board of equalization or any hearing officer.

(2) The interview referenced in subparagraph (A) of paragraph (1) of this subsection shall be granted to the taxpayer within 30 calendar days from the postmark date of the taxpayer’s written request for the interview, and the interview shall be conducted in the office of the board of assessors. The time and date for the interview, within such 30 calendar day period, shall be mutually agreed upon between the taxpayer and the taxing authority. The taxing authority may extend the time period for the interview an additional 30 days upon written notification to the taxpayer.

(3) The superior courts of this state shall have jurisdiction to enforce the provisions of this subsection directly and without the issue being first brought to any administrative procedure or hearing. The taxpayer shall be awarded damages in the amount of $100.00 per occurrence where the taxpayer requested the interview, in compliance with this subsection, and the board of assessors failed to timely comply; and the taxpayer shall be entitled to recover reasonable attorney’s fees and expenses of litigation incurred in any action brought to compel such interview.

(i) Alternate members of boards of equalization.

(1) Alternate members of the county board of equalization in the order in which selected shall serve:

(A) As members of the county board of equalization in the event there is a permanent vacancy on the board created by the death, ineligibility, removal from the county, or incapacitating illness of a member or by any other circumstances. An alternate member who fills a permanent vacancy shall be considered a member of the board for the remainder of the unexpired term; or

(B) In any appeal for which an alternate member is selected for service by the appeal administrator.

(2) A hearing panel shall consist of no more than three members at any time, one of whom shall serve as the presiding member for the purpose of the hearing.

(j) Disqualification.

(1) No member of the county board of equalization and no hearing officer shall serve with respect to any appeal concerning which he or she would be subject to a challenge for cause if he or she were a member of a panel of jurors in a civil case involving the same subject matter.

(2) The parties to an appeal to the county board of equalization or to a hearing officer shall file in writing with the appeal, in the case of the person appealing, or, in the case of the county board of tax assessors, with the certificate transmitting the appeal, questions relating to the disqualification of members of the county board of equalization or hearing officer. Each question shall be phrased so that it can be answered by an affirmative or negative response. The members of the county board of equalization or hearing officer shall, in writing under oath within two days of their receipt of the appeal, answer the questions and any question which may be adopted pursuant to subparagraph (e)(1)(D) of this Code section. Answers of the county board of equalization or hearing officers shall be part of the decision of the board or hearing officer and shall be served on each party by first-class mail. Determination of disqualification shall be made by the judge of the superior court upon the request of any party when the request is made within two days of the response of the board or hearing officer to the questions. The time prescribed under subparagraph (e)(6)(A) of this Code section shall be tolled pending the determination by the judge of the superior court.

(k) Compensation of board of equalization members.

(1) Each member of the county board of equalization shall be compensated by the county per diem for time expended in considering appeals. The compensation shall be paid at a rate of not less than $25.00 per day and shall be determined by the county governing authority. The attendance at required approved appraisal courses shall be part of the official duties of a member of the board, and he or she shall be paid for each day in attendance at such courses and shall be allowed reasonable expenses necessarily incurred in connection with such courses. Compensation pursuant to this paragraph shall be paid from the county treasury upon certification by the member of the days expended in consideration of appeals or attending approved appraisal courses.

(2) Each member of the county board of equalization who participates in online training provided by the department shall be compensated by the county at the rate of $25.00 per day for each eight hours of completed training. A member shall certify under oath and file an affidavit with the appeal administrator stating the number of hours required to complete such training and the number of hours which were actually completed. The appeal administrator shall review the affidavit and, following approval thereof, shall notify the county governing authority. The Council of Superior Court Clerks of Georgia shall develop and make available an appropriate form for such purpose. Compensation pursuant to this paragraph shall be paid from the county treasury following approval of the appeal administrator of the affidavit filed under this paragraph.

(l) Military service. In the event of the absence of an individual from such individual’s residence because of duty in the armed forces, the filing requirements set forth in paragraph (3) of subsection (f) of this Code section shall be tolled for a period of 90 days. During this period, any member of the immediate family of the individual, or a friend of the individual, may notify the tax receiver or the tax commissioner of the individual’s absence due to military service and submit written notice of representation for the limited purpose of the appeal. Upon receipt of this notice, the tax receiver or the tax commissioner shall initiate the appeal.

(m) Interest.

(1) For the purposes of this Code section, any final value that causes a reduction in taxes and creates a refund that is owed to the taxpayer shall be paid by the tax commissioner to the taxpayer, entity, or transferee who paid the taxes within 60 days from the date of the final determination of value. Such refund shall include interest at the same rate specified in Code Section 48-2-35 which shall accrue from the due date of the taxable year in question or the date paid, whichever is later, through the date on which the final determination of value was made. In no event shall the amount of such interest exceed $150.00 for homestead property or $5,000.00 for nonhomestead property. Any refund paid after the sixtieth day shall accrue interest from the sixty-first day until paid with interest at the same rate specified in Code Section 48-2-35. The interest accrued after the sixtieth day and forward shall not be subject to the limits imposed by this subsection. The tax commissioner shall pay the tax refund and any interest for the refund from current collections in the same proportion for each of the levying authorities for whom the taxes were collected.

(2) For the purposes of this Code section, any final value that causes an increase in taxes and creates an additional billing shall be paid to the tax commissioner as any other tax due. After the tax bill notice has been mailed out, the taxpayer shall be afforded 60 days from the date of the postmark to make full payment of the adjusted bill. Once the 60 day payment period has expired, the bill shall be considered past due and interest shall accrue from the original billing due date as specified in Code Section 48-2-40 without limit until the bill is paid in full. Once past due, all other fees, penalties, and late and collection notices shall apply as prescribed in this chapter for the collection of delinquent taxes.

(n) Service of notice. A notice of appeal to a board of tax assessors under subsection (e), (e.1), (f), or (g) of this Code section shall be deemed filed as of the date of the United States Postal Service postmark, receipt of delivery by statutory overnight delivery, or, if the board of tax assessors has adopted a written policy consenting to electronic service, by transmitting a copy to the board of tax assessors via email in portable document format using all email addresses provided by the board of tax assessors. Service by mail, statutory overnight delivery, or electronic transmittal is complete upon such service. Proof of service may be made within 45 days of receipt of the annual notice of current assessment under Code Section 48-5-306 to the taxpayer by certificate of the taxpayer, the taxpayer’s attorney, or the taxpayer’s employee by written admission or by affidavit. Failure to make proof of service shall not affect the validity of service.

(o) Notice to representative. When a taxpayer authorizes an agent, representative, or attorney in writing to act on the taxpayer’s behalf, and a copy of such written authorization is provided to the county board of tax assessors, all notices required to be provided to the taxpayer under this Code section, including those regarding hearing times, dates, certifications, notice of changes or corrections, or other official actions, shall be provided to the taxpayer and the authorized agent, representative, or attorney. Upon agreement by the county board of tax assessors and the taxpayer’s agent, representative, or attorney, notices required by this Code section to be sent to the taxpayer or the taxpayer’s agent, representative, or attorney may be sent by email. The failure to comply with this subsection with respect to a notice required under this Code section shall result in the tolling of any deadline imposed on the taxpayer under this Code section with respect to that notice. History. Ga. L. 1913, p. 123, § 6; Ga. L. 1918, p. 230, § 1; Ga. L. 1931, p. 7, § 85; Code 1933, § 92-6912; Ga. L. 1958, p. 387, § 1; Ga. L. 1972, p. 1094, §§ 1-9; Ga. L. 1973, p. 709, § 1; Ga. L. 1974, p. 609, §§ 2-4; Ga. L. 1975, p. 1090, §§ 1, 2; Ga. L. 1976, p. 276, § 1; Ga. L. 1976, p. 366, § 1; Ga. L. 1976, p. 1744, § 1; Ga. L. 1977, p. 588, § 1; Ga. L. 1977, p. 903, § 1; Ga. L. 1977, p. 1009, § 1; Code 1933, § 91A-1449, enacted by Ga. L. 1978, p. 309, § 2; Ga. L. 1979, p. 519, § 2; Ga. L. 1980, p. 1722, § 1; Ga. L. 1981, p. 1554, § 5; Ga. L. 1983, p. 576, § 2; Ga. L. 1983, p. 1158, § 1; Ga. L. 1984, p. 22, § 48; Ga. L. 1984, p. 352, § 3; Ga. L. 1986, p. 419, § 1; Ga. L. 1988, p. 220, §§ 1, 2; Ga. L. 1988, p. 487, §§ 1, 2; Ga. L. 1990, p. 1122, § 4; Ga. L. 1990, p. 1361, § 1; Ga. L. 1991, p. 664, § 1; Ga. L. 1991, p. 1110, § 2; Ga. L. 1992, p. 1678, § 1; Ga. L. 1992, p. 2352, § 1; Ga. L. 1993, p. 435, §§ 1, 2; Ga. L. 1993, p. 1777, § 3; Ga. L. 1994, p. 318, §§ 1, 2; Ga. L. 1994, p. 787, §§ 1, 2; Ga. L. 1994, p. 1051, § 1; Ga. L. 1994, p. 1088, § 1; Ga. L. 1994, p. 1823, § 2; Ga. L. 1995, p. 10, § 48; Ga. L. 1999, p. 1043, § 3; Ga. L. 2000, p. 136, § 48; Ga. L. 2000, p. 873, §§ 2, 3; Ga. L. 2000, p. 1589, § 3; Ga. L. 2001, p. 495, § 1; Ga. L. 2004, p. 455, § 3; Ga. L. 2006, p. 769, § 1/SB 597; Ga. L. 2008, p. 1149, §§ 4, 5, 6/HB 1081; Ga. L. 2009, p. 216, §§ 1, 2/SB 240; Ga. L. 2010, p. 1104, §§ 2-1, 4-3, 6-1/SB 346; Ga. L. 2013, p. 655, § 5/HB 197; Ga. L. 2014, p. 672, § 4/HB 755; Ga. L. 2015, p. 1219, §§ 15, 16/HB 202; Ga. L. 2016, p. 166, § 5/SB 258; Ga. L. 2016, p. 864, § 48/HB 737; Ga. L. 2017, p. 774, § 48/HB 323; Ga. L. 2018, p. 162, § 2/HB 374; Ga. L. 2019, p. 656, § 2/HB 183; Ga. L. 2019, p. 1056, § 48/SB 52; Ga. L. 2020, p. 254, § 1/SB 410; Ga. L. 2021, p. 377, § 1/HB 292; Ga. L. 2021, p. 922, § 48/HB 497. Delayed effective date. Code Section 48-5-311 is set out twice in this Code. This version is effective until July 1, 2023. For version effective July 1, 2023, see the following version of this Code section. The 2015 amendment added subsections (a) and (a.1); redesignated former subsection (a) as subsection (a.2); in subsection (a.2), added “of boards of equalization.” to the subsection catchline, substituted “this state” for “the state” near the beginning of paragraph (1), added paragraph (1.1), substituted “The members of each board of equalization” for “The grand jury of any such county” at the beginning of the third sentence of paragraph (2), substituted “The appeal administrator shall have administrative authority in all matters governing the conduct and business of the boards of equalization so as to provide oversight and supervision of such boards and scheduling of appeals” for “The chairperson and vice chairpersons shall be vested with full administrative authority in calling and conducting the business of the board” in the middle of paragraph (2), and, in paragraph (4), substituted “counties, shall specify which appeal administrator” for “counties and shall specify which clerk of the superior court” and added “, and shall provide for funding from each participating county for the operations of the appeal administrator as required by subparagraph (d)(4)(C.1) of this Code section”; rewrote subsection (b); in subsection (c), added “of board of equalization members.” to the subsection catchline, substituted “cause such appointees to appear before the clerk of the superior court for the purpose of taking and executing in writing the oath of office. The clerk of the superior court may utilize any means necessary for such purpose, including, but not limited to, telephonic or other communication, regular first-class mail, or issuance of and delivery” for “issue and deliver” in paragraph (4), and, in paragraph (5), inserted “presiding or” and substituted “the appeal administrator” for “his or her designee” in the last sentence; in subsection (d), added “of board of equalization members” to the subsection catchline, added commas to the introductory phrase of the first sentence of paragraph (2), substituted “(e)(1)(D)” for “(e)(5)(B)” in paragraph (3), and rewrote paragraph (4); rewrote subsections (e) and (e.1); repealed former subsections (f) and (g) and reenacted the present provisions of subsections (f) and (g) in their place; added subsection (g.1); rewrote subsections (h) and (i); in subsection (k), added “of board of equalization members” to the subsection catchline, designated the previously existing provisions as paragraph (1), added paragraph (2), and, in paragraph (1), substituted “paragraph” for “subsection” and added “or attending approved appraisal courses” in the last sentence; in subsection (m), substituted “reduction” for “deduction” near the beginning of the first sentence, in the second sentence, deleted “on the amount of the deduction” following “include interest” near the beginning, substituted “the due date” for “November 15” near the middle, deleted “the final installment was due or was” following “or the date” near the middle, and substituted “the final determination of value was made” for “the refund is paid or 60 days from the date of the final determination, whichever is earlier”, and rewrote paragraph (2); in subsection (n), deleted “and showing in the subject line of the email message the words ‘STATUTORY ELECTRONIC SERVICE’ in capital letters” at the end of the first sentence, and substituted “annual notice of current assessment under Code Section 48-5-306” for “notice of current assessment” in the second sentence; and rewrote subsection (o). See Editor’s notes for effective date and applicability. The 2016 amendments. The first 2016 amendment, effective April 26, 2016, added paragraph (e)(9). The second 2016 amendment, effective May 3, 2016, part of an Act to revise, modernize, and correct the Code, revised punctuation in division (b)(2)(B)(i) and paragraph (h)(3) and, near the beginning of subparagraph (h)(1)(A), substituted “employee who” for “employee, that”. The 2017 amendment, effective May 9, 2017, part of an Act to revise, modernize, and correct the Code, deleted the boldface catchline in subparagraph (e)(2)(A), which read: “Appeal to board of equalization.”, substituted “to whom” for “who” in subparagraphs (e)(2)(B), (e)(2)(C), and (e)(6)(A); and substituted “This paragraph” for “This subsection” at the beginning of the last sentence of paragraph (e)(9). The 2018 amendment, effective July 1, 2018, rewrote subsections (e) and (e.1); in subparagraph (f)(3)(A), substituted “documentation” for “papers” near the middle; in division (f)(3)(C)(iii), substituted “21 days” for “ten days” in the second sentence, substituted the present provisions of the third sentence for the former provisions, which read: “Such written notice shall advise each party that documents or other written evidence to be presented at the hearing by a party must be provided to the other party not less than seven days prior to the time of the hearing and that any failure to comply with this requirement, unless waived by mutual written agreement of such parties, shall be grounds for a continuance or for exclusion of such documents or other written evidence.”; and, in paragraph (g)(2), substituted “during normal business hours” for “but in no event later than 30 days from the date of the notice” at the end of the seventh sentence, and substituted “reach an agreement” for “agree on a fair market value” and substituted “20 days” for “ten days” in the twelfth sentence. The 2019 amendments. The first 2019 amendment, effective July 1, 2019, added subparagraph (e)(1)(A.2). The second 2019 amendment, effective May 12, 2019, part of an Act to revise, modernize, and correct the Code, revised punctuation in subdivision (e)(6)(D)(iii)(I) and in paragraph (e)(8), and substituted “as agreed upon by the parties” for “as agreed on by the parties” at the end of the third sentence in paragraph (e.1)(10). The 2020 amendment, effective July 22, 2020, in subparagraph (e)(6)(A), substituted “email” for “e-mail” in the third sentence and added the next to the last sentence; inserted “taxpayer appeals to the superior court pursuant to this subsection and the” in the first sentence in subdivision (g)(4)(B)(ii)(III); and added subdivision (g)(4)(B)(ii)(IV). See Editor’s notes for applicability. The 2021 amendments. The first 2021 amendment, effective May 4, 2021, deleted former division (b)(2)(B)(ii), which read: “On or after January 1, 2016, following the completion of each term of office, a member shall, within the first year of appointment to the subsequent term of office, complete satisfactorily not less than 20 hours of instruction in appraisal and equalization processes and procedures, as prepared and required by the commissioner for newly appointed members.”; deleted former division (b)(2)(B)(iii), which read: “No person shall be eligible to hear an appeal as a member of a board of equalization unless, prior to hearing such appeal, such person shall satisfactorily complete the 20 hours of instruction in appraisal and equalization processes and procedures required under the applicable provisions of division (i) or (ii) of this subparagraph.”; redesignated former division (b)(2)(B)(iv) as present division (b)(2)(B)(ii); and deleted “or (ii)” following “division (i)” in the middle of present division (b)(2)(B)(ii). The second 2021 amendment, effective May 10, 2021, part of an Act to revise, modernize, and correct the Code, substituted “emailing” for “e-mailing” near the beginning of the first sentence of subparagraph (e)(2)(A), in the middle of the fourth sentence of subparagraph (e)(2)(C), near the beginning of the first sentence of paragraph (e.1)(4), in the middle of the first sentence of subparagraph (f)(3)(A), and in the middle of the first sentence of paragraph (g)(2); and substituted “email” for “e-mail” twice in the first sentence of subsection (n) and at the end of the second sentence of subsection (o). History of Section. This Code section is partially derived from the decisions in Vestel v. Edwards, 143 Ga. 368, 85 S.E. 187 (1915); Ogletree v. Woodward, 150 Ga. 691, 105 S.E. 243 (1920); Turner v. Wade, 254 U.S. 64, 41 S. Ct. 27, 65 L. Ed. 134 (1920). Code Commission notes. Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 1987, a semicolon was deleted following “minutes of the board” in the second sentence of paragraph (d)(3), “prima-facie” was substituted for “prima facie” in the first sentence of paragraph (e)(4). Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 2010, “the” was inserted preceding “superior court” in the fifth sentence of paragraph (e.1)(10); and “an arbitration” was substituted for “a arbitration” in the first sentence of subparagraph (f)(3)(A). Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 2015, “separate line items” was substituted for “separate lines items” near the end of subparagraph (d)(4)(C.1). Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 2018, “Valuation” heading was added to subsection (g.1.). Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 2018, “Notice to representative” heading was added to subsection (o). Editor’s notes. For application of this statute in 2020 and 2021, see Executive Orders 05.28.20.02, 06.11.20.01, 06.29.20.02, 07.15.20.01, 07.31.20.02, 08.15.20.01, 08.31.20.02, 09.15.20.01, 09.30.20.02, 10.15.20.01, 10.30.20.02, 11.13.20.01, 11.30.20.02, 12.08.20.01, 12.30.20.02, 01.15.21.01, 01.29.21.02, 02.15.21.01, 02.26.21.02, 03.12.21.01, 03.31.21.03, 04.30.21.01, 05.28.21.02, 06.30.21.02, 07.22.21.02, 08.19.21.02, and 09.20.21.02. A listing of Executive Orders issued in 2020 and 2021 can be found at https://gov.georgia.gov/executive-action/executive-orders. Ga. L. 1999, p. 1043, § 4, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the amendment to this Code section is applicable to all assessments and proceedings commenced on or after January 1, 2000. Ga. L. 2006, p. 769, § 2/SB 597, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the 2006 amendment of this Code section shall apply with respect to all tax appeals filed with the county boards of tax assessors on or after that date. Ga. L. 2009, p. 216, § 3/SB 240, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the amendments to this Code section shall be applicable to all property tax appeals submitted to arbitration or appealed to the superior court on or after April 29, 2009. Ga. L. 2015, p. 1219, § 27/HB 202, not codified by the General Assembly, provides, in part, that Sections 13 and 15 of this Act shall become effective on July 1, 2015, and that Sections 9, 12, and 15 of this Act shall be applicable to all appeals filed on or after January 1, 2016. Ga. L. 2015, p. 1219, § 15/HB 202, purported, in part, to amend subsections (a) through (e) but actually amended subsections (a) through (e.1). Ga. L. 2020, p. 254, § 3/SB 410, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that this Act shall be applicable to tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2021. Law reviews. For article surveying developments in Georgia local government law from mid-1980 through mid-1981, see 33 Mercer L. Rev. 187 (1981). For annual survey of state and local taxation, see 38 Mercer L. Rev. 337 (1986). For article, “Procedure and Problems in Georgia Ad Valorem Tax Appeals,” see 26 Ga. St. B.J. 98 (1990). For annual survey of state and local taxation, see 42 Mercer L. Rev. 421 (1990). For note on the 1992 amendment of this Code section, see 9 Ga. St. U. L. 329 (1992). For survey article on real property law for the period from June 1, 2002 to May 31, 2003, see 55 Mercer L. Rev. 397 (2003). For survey article on administrative law, see 60 Mercer L. Rev. 1 (2008). For survey article on real property law, see 60 Mercer L. Rev. 345 (2008). For annual survey on real property law, see 61 Mercer L. Rev. 301 (2009). For article, “Administrative Law,” see 63 Mercer L. Rev. 47 (2011). For survey article on local government law, see 67 Mercer L. Rev. 147 (2015). For survey article on real property law, see 67 Mercer L. Rev. 193 (2015). For article, “A Taxing Exception: Southern LNG, Inc. v. MacGinnitie’s Narrow Interpretation of the Mandamus Exception,” see 66 Mercer L. Rev. 855 (2015). For annual survey on local government law, see 70 Mercer L. Rev. 177 (2018). For annual survey on local government, see 73 Mercer L. Rev. 193 (2021). JUDICIAL DECISIONS General Consideration Qualifications of Members Appeals 1. In General 2. Notice of Appeal 3. Appeals to Board of Equalization 4. Appeals to Superior Court General Consideration Constitutionality of board of equalization’s judicial powers. — Even if the General Assembly has vested some judicial powers in the county boards of equalization, such action is not violative of Ga. Const. 1945, Art. VI, Sec. I, Para. I (see now Ga. Const. 1983, Art. VI, Sec. I, Para. I). Tax Assessors v. Chitwood, 235 Ga. 147, 218 S.E.2d 759, 1975 Ga. LEXIS 808 (1975). Statute does not deny due process or equal protection. Webb v. Board of Tax Assessors, 235 Ga. 790, 221 S.E.2d 810, 1976 Ga. LEXIS 1446 (1976). Notice, hearing, and appeal provisions comport with due process requirements. — Statute provides for ample notice and a hearing, and the statute also provides for an appeal to the superior court, which constitutes a de novo action. Therefore, the statute does not violate the due process clause of the state and federal Constitutions. Webb v. Board of Tax Assessors, 235 Ga. 790, 221 S.E.2d 810, 1976 Ga. LEXIS 1446 (1976). Pre- and post-deprivation remedies met due process requirements. — With respect to a challenge to a tax re-valuation of property, a pre-deprivation remedy under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(e)(6)(D)(iii)(I), allowing a taxpayer to pay less than the full amount of the tax assessed, and a post-deprivation remedy under § 48-5-311(e)(6)(D)(iii)(II), allowing a refund in the event the tax assessor lost in the appeals process, met federal and state due process requirements. Hooten v. Thomas, 297 Ga. App. 487, 677 S.E.2d 670, 2009 Ga. App. LEXIS 366 (2009), cert. denied, No. S09C1356, 2009 Ga. LEXIS 616 (Ga. Oct. 5, 2009). Denial of the taxpayer’s hearing provided for by this statute violates the taxpayer’s due process rights. Ward v. Landrum, 140 Ga. App. 497, 231 S.E.2d 347, 1976 Ga. App. LEXIS 1533, 1976 Ga. App. LEXIS 2643 (1976). Procedure described in this statute satisfies requirements of due process and equal protection, insofar as these require notice and an opportunity to be heard. Griggs v. Greene, 230 Ga. 257, 197 S.E.2d 116, 1973 Ga. LEXIS 880 (1973), overruled in part as stated in Rice v. Fulton County, 358 Ga. App. 1, 852 S.E.2d 860, 2020 Ga. App. LEXIS 681 (2020). Statute meets constitutional due process requirements so long as the statute affords a review by an unbiased board. Stewart County v. Thompson, 224 Ga. 303, 161 S.E.2d 877, 1968 Ga. LEXIS 750 (1968). Loss of right to hearing not denial of due process when due to taxpayer’s action. — Allowing a taxpayer’s right to a hearing on the assessment of the taxpayer’s property to be cut off by the passage of time, or the independent action of other parties, violates the taxpayer’s due process rights unless caused by culpable or negligent conduct on the part of the taxpayer. Ward v. Landrum, 140 Ga. App. 497, 231 S.E.2d 347, 1976 Ga. App. LEXIS 1533, 1976 Ga. App. LEXIS 2643 (1976). Termination of administrative procedure did not violate separation of powers. — O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(2), requiring a county board of tax assessors to schedule a settlement conference within 45 days of the taxpayer’s notice of appeal, and providing that the taxpayer’s stated value be adopted if the board elected not to schedule a conference, did not usurp the superior court’s jurisdiction or violate the separation of powers clause, Ga. Const. 1983, Art. I, Sec. II, Par. III. Hall County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Westrec Props., 303 Ga. 69, 809 S.E.2d 780, 2018 Ga. LEXIS 42 (2018). Representation before board. — Agreement in which a company committed itself to represent a taxpayer’s interests before the board of equalization was not void as constituting the unauthorized practice of law. Grand Partners Joint Venture I v. Realtax Resource, Inc., 225 Ga. App. 409, 483 S.E.2d 922, 1997 Ga. App. LEXIS 392 (1997). Section concerns and affects both the public interest and the interest of the taxpayer. — Public has an interest in the proper administration of the revenue laws and the solvency of its fisc, while the taxpayer is entitled to know promptly and precisely the extent of the taxpayer’s tax liability. Lackey v. DeKalb County, 156 Ga. App. 309, 274 S.E.2d 705, 1980 Ga. App. LEXIS 2954 (1980). Statute sets forth remedy of taxpayer seeking uniformity of assessment. — Procedure for securing uniformity in tax assessments in a county was former Code 1933, § 92-6911 (see O.C.G.A. § 48-5-306) placed upon county tax assessors, and if their action displeases a taxpayer, the taxpayer’s remedy was arbitration as provided in former Code 1933, § 92-6912 (see O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311). Grafton v. Turner, 227 Ga. 809, 183 S.E.2d 458, 1971 Ga. LEXIS 851 (1971). Taxpayers have an adequate and complete remedy at law for the contention that the taxpayers tax digest lacks the uniformity required under the Constitution of Georgia. Tax Assessors v. Chitwood, 235 Ga. 147, 218 S.E.2d 759, 1975 Ga. LEXIS 808 (1975); Chilivis v. Backus, 236 Ga. 88, 222 S.E.2d 371, 1976 Ga. LEXIS 774 (1976); Gordon County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Aldon Indus., 237 Ga. 527, 228 S.E.2d 905, 1976 Ga. LEXIS 1296 (1976). Adequate remedy at law provided by statute. — Taxpayers were not entitled to injunctive relief in a class action against a county board of tax assessors alleging that spot reappraisals violated the taxpayers’ constitutional right to equal protection under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 since O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 provided an adequate remedy at law. Glynn County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Haller, 273 Ga. 649, 543 S.E.2d 699, 2001 Ga. LEXIS 207 (2001), overruled in part, Gilliam v. State, 312 Ga. 60, 860 S.E.2d 543, 2021 Ga. LEXIS 467 (2021). Provisions of O.C.G.A. § 9-11-17(a) regarding dismissal for failure to prosecute in the name of a real party in interest apply to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311. Spencer v. Lamar County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 202 Ga. App. 742, 415 S.E.2d 332, 1992 Ga. App. LEXIS 129 (1992). Appointments subject to O.C.G.A. § 15-12-81. — Trial court did not err in granting a citizen’s motion for a writ of mandamus compelling a superior court clerk’s compliance, with respect to the appointments of county board of equalization (BOE) members, with the public notice requirements of O.C.G.A. § 15-12-81 because there was no error in granting mandamus to require the clerk to comply with her mandatory duties under § 15-12-81; because BOE members are appointed by the grand jury, O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(c)(2), their appointments are plainly subject to the provisions of § 15-12-81. Everetteze v. Clark, 286 Ga. 11, 685 S.E.2d 72, 2009 Ga. LEXIS 643 (2009). No material factor identified under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-299. — Grant of summary judgment to the taxpayers in the taxpayers’ respective assessment appeals was upheld because the county board’s stated basis for increasing the properties’ valuations of changes in comparable sales could not, as a matter of law, constitute a material factor as contemplated by O.C.G.A. § 48-5-299(c)(4). DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. CWS SGARR Brookhaven, LLC, 352 Ga. App. 848, 836 S.E.2d 729, 2019 Ga. App. LEXIS 639 (2019). Two requirements for determining material factors. — Georgia Court of Appeals held that in applying rules of statutory interpretation, and reading O.C.G.A. § 48-5-299(c)(4) as a whole, the other material factors contemplated by the statute must meet two requirements: first, they must be factors that an on-site inspection of the property would reveal; and, second, they must be factors that are specific to the particular piece of property at issue. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. CWS SGARR Brookhaven, LLC, 352 Ga. App. 848, 836 S.E.2d 729, 2019 Ga. App. LEXIS 639 (2019). Procedures contemplate findings as to fair market value. — Statutory design of appeal to the county board of equalization and then to the superior court contemplates that findings as to fair market value shall be made. Hodsdon v. Duckett, 135 Ga. App. 922, 219 S.E.2d 634, 1975 Ga. App. LEXIS 1876 (1975). When tax assessors fail to use same standard in assessing property of same class as affirmatively shown by facts alleged in a petition for injunctive relief and declaration of illegality of tax assessment, there is no merit in the contention that the plaintiffs have an adequate and complete remedy by arbitration (now hearing and trial) under this statute. Colvard v. Ridley, 218 Ga. 490, 128 S.E.2d 732, 1962 Ga. LEXIS 542 (1962). Valuation of property may be changed in subsequent years even if not further improved. — Mere fact that property had been assessed for taxes at a certain value after arbitration (now appeal) under this statute in a previous tax year would not prevent the taxing authorities from fixing the valuation different for a succeeding year, even though no improvements had been made on the property since the arbitration (now appeal). Hutchins v. Williams, 212 Ga. 754, 95 S.E.2d 674, 1956 Ga. LEXIS 519 (1956). Fee awards afforded to the taxpayer the additional relief to which the taxpayer was statutorily entitled under O.C.G.A. §§ 9-11-54(c)(1) and 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii). Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Toro Props. VI, LLC, 329 Ga. App. 26, 763 S.E.2d 496, 2014 Ga. App. LEXIS 613 (2014). Valuation, uniformity, and equalization proper matters for basis of refund claim. — County homeowners, who alleged that the assessors board engaged in “sales chasing” by selectively targeting recently sold properties for reappraisal at the increased sales price while leaving the assessed values of similar unsold properties unchanged, stated a tax refund claim under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-380; the procedure allegedly violated the uniformity and equalization requirements of Ga. Const. 1983, Art. VII, Sec. I, Para. III(a), and O.C.G.A. § 48-5-306(a). Rice v. Fulton County, 358 Ga. App. 1, 852 S.E.2d 860, 2020 Ga. App. LEXIS 681 (2020), cert. denied, No. S21C0644, 2021 Ga. LEXIS 561 (Ga. July 7, 2021). No time limitation in fee award. — Rendering the fee awards after the expiration of the term of the court of the valuation orders did not frustrate judicial economy or violate Georgia’s public policy as O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii) contained no time limitation dictating when a taxpayer must move or a court must award litigation costs and attorney fees. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Toro Props. VI, LLC, 329 Ga. App. 26, 763 S.E.2d 496, 2014 Ga. App. LEXIS 613 (2014). No party estopped from challenging court jurisdiction when material to party’s interest. — Fact that the taxpayer objected to an assessment and invoked arbitration does not estop the taxpayer from attacking an award in equity as void since the court was without jurisdiction of the subject matter. Such a judgment is void and may be attacked collaterally as a mere nullity in any court by any party when it becomes material to that party’s interest. Montgomery v. Suttles, 191 Ga. 781, 13 S.E.2d 781, 1941 Ga. LEXIS 366 (1941). Effect of subsequent amendments on other laws. — Special law which incorporated the pre-1972 version of this statute was not repealed implicitly or explicitly by the subsequent 1972 enactment. Boynton v. Lenox Square, Inc., 232 Ga. 456, 207 S.E.2d 446, 1974 Ga. LEXIS 982 (1974). When a local law incorporates this statute using the language “as amended,” the law is not construed to include future amendments, but only those made prior to the passage of the local law. Medical Ass'n v. Joint City, 132 Ga. App. 188, 207 S.E.2d 673, 1974 Ga. App. LEXIS 1642 (1974). Determination of uniform assessment. — Pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311, the requirement that property be “uniformly assessed” means that the property be assessed uniformly with other property included in the county’s own tax digest. Williams v. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 249 Ga. 164, 289 S.E.2d 235, 1982 Ga. LEXIS 764 (1982). In determining whether a county board of tax assessors has “uniformly assessed” the value of certain property pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311, it is not significant that the board of tax assessors of a neighboring county might have assessed it differently, and thus the trial court did not err in excluding the taxpayer’s evidence of the neighboring county’s tax digest. Williams v. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 249 Ga. 164, 289 S.E.2d 235, 1982 Ga. LEXIS 764 (1982). Jurisdiction to order equalization. — Superior Court had jurisdiction to order equalization of tax digests and, no appeal having been taken from the order, the court could enjoin the county tax commissioner from collecting taxes until such time as the county board of tax assessors had complied with the order. Wallace v. Meyer, 260 Ga. 253, 394 S.E.2d 350, 1990 Ga. LEXIS 295 (1990). Notice of appeal to equalization board did not raise issue of uniformity. — Notice of appeal to board of equalization stating that assessment in question reflected unrealistic values which had been placed on referenced property did not raise issue of uniformity or equalization of the assessment and could not be raised for the first time on appeal to the superior court. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Kendall, Inc., 164 Ga. App. 374, 295 S.E.2d 345, 1982 Ga. App. LEXIS 2804 (1982). No default judgment for failure to file defensive pleadings on appeal. — Appeal procedure outlined in subsection (f) of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 does not contemplate the filing of a “complaint” or “answer,” and a default judgment will not lie for failure to file defensive pleadings in a de novo hearing on appeal in the superior court from a property evaluation. Rogers v. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 247 Ga. 726, 279 S.E.2d 223, 1981 Ga. LEXIS 842 (1981). No takings claim. — Taxpayers did not have a takings claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 because the procedures of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-380 or O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 provide adequate remedies. Brian Realty Corp. v. DeKalb County, 229 Ga. App. 209, 493 S.E.2d 595 (1997). Board’s failure to schedule settlement conference within 45 days. — Plain language of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(2) required a county board of tax assessors to schedule and notice a settlement conference with taxpayers within 45 days of receipt of the taxpayers’ notices of appeal, and provided that the appeal terminated and the taxpayer’s stated value was adopted if the board elected not to schedule a conference. Hall County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Westrec Props., 303 Ga. 69, 809 S.E.2d 780, 2018 Ga. LEXIS 42 (2018). Prompt adjudication required. — Summary judgment for a county board of tax assessors (BTA) in a taxpayer’s suit seeking injunctive relief and a writ of mandamus compelling a board of equalization (BOE) to adjudicate its appeal of a reassessment for one tax year was reversed as: (1) there were no objective criteria in place for choosing businesses for audits when the taxpayer was chosen for a four-year audit; (2) there was evidence that the BTA attempted to thwart the taxpayer’s statutory right to prompt adjudication of its appeal before the BOE under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311; and (3) there was a jury question as to whether the audit was begun by an accounting firm or the BTA for an improper purpose in violation of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-299(a). Parisian, Inc. v. Cobb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 263 Ga. App. 332, 587 S.E.2d 771, 2003 Ga. App. LEXIS 1117 (2003), cert. denied, No. S04C0238, 2004 Ga. LEXIS 75 (Ga. Jan. 20, 2004). Time within which to accept or reject taxpayer’s appraisal. — Because O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(f)(3)(A) specifies the effect of the failure of the board of assessors to accept or reject the taxpayer’s appraisal within 45 days, that language must be enforced. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Fast Evictions, LLC, 314 Ga. App. 178, 723 S.E.2d 461, 2012 Ga. App. LEXIS 137 (2012). Board of tax assessors failed to timely reject taxpayer’s appraisals. — Trial court did not err by deciding that a county board of tax assessors failed to timely reject a taxpayer’s certified appraisals of the taxpayer’s real property pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(f)(3)(A) because the board completely failed to show when the board made the board’s decision to reject the appraisals; the board notified the taxpayer that the board rejected the taxpayer’s appraisal and adopted a different recommended value 53 days after the taxpayer submitted the appraisal, but there was no indication in the record of when the board made the board’s decision. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Fast Evictions, LLC, 314 Ga. App. 178, 723 S.E.2d 461, 2012 Ga. App. LEXIS 137 (2012). Board of assessors failed to prove that prior year sale was not bona fide. — Board of Assessors failed to prove its contention that a 2011 sale of taxable property by Freddie Mac did not qualify as an arm’s length, bona fide sale for purposes of limiting the assessment value of the property in the next year under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-2(3). CPF Invs., LLLP v. Fulton County Bd. of Assessors, 330 Ga. App. 744, 769 S.E.2d 159, 2015 Ga. App. LEXIS 52 (2015). Faulty valuation resulted in legal error. — Because the trial court determined that the county’s witnesses were only required to consider, rather than actually apply, the factors listed in O.C.G.A. § 48-5-2(3)(B) and relied upon a faulty valuation in declaring the complex’s fair market value for the 2018 tax year, that conclusion was legal error, and the trial court’s fair market valuation had to be reversed. Bainbridge Ltd., L.P. v. DeKalb Cty Tax Assessors, 362 Ga. App. 654, 869 S.E.2d 606, 2022 Ga. App. LEXIS 80 (2022). Issuance of quo warranto improper. — Trial court erred in granting a citizen a writ of quo warranto revoking county board of equalization (BOE) members’ appointments because, although BOE members were public officers subject to quo warranto, the citizen’s petition for a writ of quo warranto was subject to dismissal when the citizen did not seek leave of court prior to filing the complaint. Everetteze v. Clark, 286 Ga. 11, 685 S.E.2d 72, 2009 Ga. LEXIS 643 (2009). Qualifications of Members Members must be fair, disinterested, and impartial. — In addition to other statutory qualifications, since an arbitrator (now member of board of equalization) acts in a quasi-judicial capacity, the arbitrator must possess the judicial qualifications of fairness, disinterestedness, and impartiality. Hill v. Board of Tax Equalizers, 227 Ga. 145, 179 S.E.2d 243, 1971 Ga. LEXIS 618 (1971). When disqualification for relationship must be sought. — Contention that a member of the board of tax equalizers was disqualified because of a relationship to the defendant came too late when made at the jury trial. Statute sets the method for objection on this ground. Murray v. Richardson, 134 Ga. App. 676, 215 S.E.2d 715, 1975 Ga. App. LEXIS 2123 (1975). Appeals 1.In General Challenge to constitutionality of system. — O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 provided a plain and adequate remedy at law to a taxpayer’s challenge that a county’s tax assessment and appraisal system deprived the taxpayer of due process of law, equal protection of the law, and lacked uniformity as required under the provisions of the Constitution of Georgia. Vann v. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 186 Ga. App. 208, 367 S.E.2d 43, 1988 Ga. App. LEXIS 308 (1988); Arnold v. Gwinnett County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 207 Ga. App. 759, 429 S.E.2d 146, 1993 Ga. App. LEXIS 355 (1993). Taxpayer, whose challenge to the constitutionality of the board’s methodology for assessing taxes is inextricably bound to the basic issue of uniformity of assessment of real property located within the county, may appeal under the provisions of subsection (e) and (f) (now (g)) of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 “as to matters of taxability, uniformity of assessment, and value.” Vann v. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 186 Ga. App. 208, 367 S.E.2d 43, 1988 Ga. App. LEXIS 308 (1988). To assert the taxpayer’s constitutional issue before the superior court in a de novo appeal, the taxpayer must have timely raised the issue before the board of equalization. Vann v. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 186 Ga. App. 208, 367 S.E.2d 43, 1988 Ga. App. LEXIS 308 (1988). Even though the statutes providing for ad valorem taxation of motor vehicles do not specifically provide for apportionment, the statutes are not unconstitutional since the assessment of value may be challenged through the appeal procedure of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 and the owner thereby has the opportunity to establish that a vehicle has acquired a tax situs in another state. East W. Express, Inc. v. Collins, 264 Ga. 774, 449 S.E.2d 599, 1994 Ga. LEXIS 864 (1994). Mandamus improperly granted to a company. — Judgment of the trial court granting a company mandamus relief was reversed because the judgment did not show that the State Revenue Commissioner, in refusing to accept the company’s ad valorem tax returns as a gas company, violated a clear legal duty, failed to act, or engaged in arbitrary, capricious, and unreasonable actions because the company was not authorized to engage in the business of a gas company under O.C.G.A. § 46-1-1(5) nor be a natural-gas company as defined in 15 U.S.C. § 717a(6). Riley v. Southern LNG, Inc., 300 Ga. 689, 797 S.E.2d 878, 2017 Ga. LEXIS 158 (2017). Scope of superior court’s jurisdiction on appeal. — Trial court properly ruled that the moratorium in O.C.G.A. § 48-5B-1 applied to the subject property in the de novo appeal of the value determination and was not a waived issue because the board of tax assessors, the arbitrator, and the board of equalization had all made determinations as to value and the applicability of the moratorium, thus, it was properly before the trial court. SPH Glynn, LLC v. Glynn County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 326 Ga. App. 196, 756 S.E.2d 282, 2014 Ga. App. LEXIS 142 (2014), cert. denied, No. S14C1002, 2014 Ga. LEXIS 514 (Ga. June 16, 2014), cert. denied, No. S14C1003, 2014 Ga. LEXIS 512 (Ga. June 16, 2014). Exemption denial not subject to federal law suit. — Denial of an exemption of a portion of taxability was not subject to suit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Gwinnett County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Network Publications, Inc., 208 Ga. App. 15, 429 S.E.2d 696, 1993 Ga. App. LEXIS 440 (1993). Appeals process was efficient, plain, and speedy. — Appeals process of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 was “efficient” in addition to being “plain” and “speedy” both on its face and as applied to the instant taxpayers. Accordingly, the case was barred by the Tax Injunction Act of 1937, 28 U.S.C. § 1341, since the case sought a federal court injunction over a state tax assessment when a “plain, speedy, and efficient” remedy existed under state law. Amos v. Glynn County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 347 F.3d 1249, 2003 U.S. App. LEXIS 21209 (11th Cir. 2003), overruled in part as stated in, Otero v. Newrez LLC, No. 21-12990, 2022 U.S. App. LEXIS 21851 (11th Cir. Aug. 8, 2022). Burden of proof is on the taxpayers, when the taxpayers are the parties who initiate an appeal to the superior court. Hawkins v. Grady County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 180 Ga. App. 834, 350 S.E.2d 790, 1986 Ga. App. LEXIS 2277 (1986). Procedures must be followed. — Corporate taxpayers were barred from seeking refunds pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-380 of ad valorem taxes paid on vehicles with tax situses in other states because the taxpayers failed to follow the appeal procedures provided by O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311. DeKalb County v. Genuine Parts Co., 225 Ga. App. 376, 484 S.E.2d 57, 1997 Ga. App. LEXIS 404 (1997), cert. denied, No. S97C1066, 1997 Ga. LEXIS 669 (Ga. June 27, 1997), cert. denied, No. S97C1033, 1997 Ga. LEXIS 667 (Ga. June 27, 1997). County and the county tax commission were entitled to summary judgment as a matter of law in an action filed by a trucking company seeking a refund for ad valorem taxes the company paid, as it was undisputed at trial that the company failed to timely file for either an apportionment in two subject years, as required by Ga. Comp. R. & Regs. r. 560-11-7-.02, and that the company did not appeal the company’s ad valorem assessment within 45 days of the assessment in either year, pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311; furthermore, O.C.G.A. § 48-5-380, which allowed a taxpayer to seek a refund up to three years after paying an erroneous or illegal tax, did not apply. Trans Link Motor Express, Inc. v. Dougherty County, 265 Ga. App. 10, 592 S.E.2d 859, 2003 Ga. App. LEXIS 1612 (2003). Whether an appeal is procedurally defective is a judicial decision, not a clerical determination, and the County Board of Tax Assessors should have certified the taxpayer’s appeal to the superior court instead of concluding that the notice of appeal was defective. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Boyajian, 271 Ga. 881, 525 S.E.2d 687, 2000 Ga. LEXIS 3 (2000). Time periods directory only. — Provisions of paragraph (e)(3) and subparagraphs (e)(6)(A) and (e)(6)(B) of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 are directory rather than mandatory because a county board of equalization can become so swamped with appeals that the board cannot hear all pending cases within such short statutory time periods. Moreton Rolleston, Jr., Living Trust v. Glynn County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 240 Ga. App. 405, 523 S.E.2d 600, 1999 Ga. App. LEXIS 1366 (1999), cert. denied, No. S00C0270, 2000 Ga. LEXIS 97 (Ga. Feb. 11, 2000). If the county board of equalization, in the exercise of due diligence and with reasonable justification for delay, sets a hearing at the earliest available date, which date falls outside of the statutory time period, there has been substantial compliance with O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311. Moreton Rolleston, Jr., Living Trust v. Glynn County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 240 Ga. App. 405, 523 S.E.2d 600, 1999 Ga. App. LEXIS 1366 (1999), cert. denied, No. S00C0270, 2000 Ga. LEXIS 97 (Ga. Feb. 11, 2000). Excusable delay was properly found. — Because a county board of tax assessors certified appeals filed by 16 taxpayers to the superior court notifying the Clerk of the Court that the clerk was required to assign these appeals for trial at the first term following the filing of the appeals, any requirement that the taxpayers had to also make demand for trial at the first term was clearly redundant and, therefore, unnecessary; thus, the trial court properly found that an excusable delay from obtaining a trial at the first term was shown, warranting denial of the board’s motion to dismiss the appeals. Glynn County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Paulding, 270 Ga. App. 851, 608 S.E.2d 317, 2004 Ga. App. LEXIS 1624 (2004). No presumption of correctness attaches to assessments of the property of taxpayers who take an appeal to the superior court. Hawkins v. Grady County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 180 Ga. App. 834, 350 S.E.2d 790, 1986 Ga. App. LEXIS 2277 (1986). Court not bound by board of equalization valuation. — Trial court’s ruling in a tax appeal that the tax value for the property was limited to the value set by the board of equalization was error because O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(3) provided that tax appeals to the superior court were de novo actions, and thus the trial court’s determination of value in the tax appeal was not restricted to the valuation of the board of equalization; the dicta in Gwinnett County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Ackerman/Indian Trail Assn., 198 Ga. App. 723, 402 S.E.2d 794 (Ga. Ct. App. 1991), was disapproved to the extent that the opinion conflicted with the holding that a tax appeal required a trial de novo, regardless of which party filed the appeal, and that the trial court was not bound by the board of equalization’s findings. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. NABISCO, 296 Ga. App. 884, 676 S.E.2d 41, 2009 Ga. App. LEXIS 394 (2009). Relation to other law. — O.C.G.A. § 48-5-7.2(e) expressly requires a tax board, upon denying an application for preferential assessment, to notify the applicant in the same manner that notices of assessment are given pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-306, and appeals from the denial of an application for preferential assessment by the board of tax assessors shall be made in the same manner that other property tax appeals are made pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311; in light of a tax board’s failure to provide an applicant with the proper statutory notice, the board’s argument that the applicant failed to exhaust the applicant’s administrative remedies was without merit. Chatham County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Emmoth, 278 Ga. 144, 598 S.E.2d 495, 2004 Ga. LEXIS 538 (2004). Appeal process under § 48-5-380 distinguished. — While the appeal process of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 is available to address any asserted error in an ad valorem real property tax assessment, the refund process established by O.C.G.A. § 48-5-380 is intended only to correct errors of fact or law which have resulted in erroneous or illegal taxation. Gwinnett County v. Gwinnett I Ltd. Partnership, 265 Ga. 645, 458 S.E.2d 632, 1995 Ga. LEXIS 507 (1995). Taxpayer need not comply with the appeal procedure provided in subsection (e) of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 prior to proceeding under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-380. Marconi Avionics, Inc. v. DeKalb County, 165 Ga. App. 628, 302 S.E.2d 384, 1983 Ga. App. LEXIS 1983 (1983). Appeal to board required for judicial review. — When the appellant and the board of tax assessors entered into a stipulation that the board of equalization would adopt the position of the board of tax assessors, therefore eliminating the need to appeal to the board of equalization, and then the appellant filed an appeal to the superior court, a judgment rendered by the superior court would be reversed for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction because jurisdiction cannot be conferred by agreement or consent. Barland Co. v. Bartow County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 172 Ga. App. 61, 322 S.E.2d 316, 1984 Ga. App. LEXIS 2396 (1984). Superior Court properly dismissed the taxpayer’s action questioning the validity of a second tax assessment which was issued to correct an earlier assessment for the same tax year since the case was subject to appeal to and decision by the county board of equalization. Dean v. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 218 Ga. App. 760, 463 S.E.2d 64, 1995 Ga. App. LEXIS 876 (1995). Property owners improperly challenged a tax re-valuation by a county in a Georgia trial court because the owners had an adequate remedy at law pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 in an appeal to a county board of tax equalization (BOE) as the BOE had to first address procedural errors and errors in methodology to value the property under § 48-5-311(e)-(g); constitutional claims, such as claims of the uniformity of assessment under Ga. Const. 1983, Art. VII, Sec. I, Para. III also had to be addressed first before the BOE. Hooten v. Thomas, 297 Ga. App. 487, 677 S.E.2d 670, 2009 Ga. App. LEXIS 366 (2009), cert. denied, No. S09C1356, 2009 Ga. LEXIS 616 (Ga. Oct. 5, 2009). Exhaustion of administrative remedies prerequisite. — Because the superior court should not have exercised the court’s equitable jurisdiction when the property owners failed to exhaust their administrative remedies under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 through the county board of equalization, the superior court’s judgment for declaratory relief in favor of the property owners at summary judgment was reversed; instead, the superior court should have dismissed the property owners’ suit for failing to state a claim. Chatham County Bd. of Assessors v. Jepson, 261 Ga. App. 771, 584 S.E.2d 22, 2003 Ga. App. LEXIS 774 (2003). When a taxpayer challenged an assessment, but paid the taxes, the taxpayer could not bring an action in the courts for a declaratory judgment to determine the validity of the assessment until the taxpayer exhausted the taxpayer’s statutory administrative options under either O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 or O.C.G.A. § 48-5-380. Wilmington Trust Co. v. Glynn County, 265 Ga. App. 704, 595 S.E.2d 562, 2004 Ga. App. LEXIS 239 (2004). Trial court had jurisdiction of taxpayer’s action to find reassessments invalid for failure of the county board of tax assessors to follow provisions of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 requiring a response to the taxpayer’s assessment appeal. Moreton Rolleston, Jr. Living Trust v. Glynn County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 228 Ga. App. 371, 491 S.E.2d 812, 1997 Ga. App. LEXIS 1087 (1997), aff'd in part, vacated in part, 495 S.E.2d 42, 1998 Ga. LEXIS 93 (Ga. 1998). Denial of dismissal motion no ground for reversal when taxpayer attempting to overturn board’s decision. — When a taxpayer files a “motion to dismiss” in the superior court based on the failure of the board of equalization to set a hearing date on the taxpayer’s appeal within 15 days of receipt of the taxpayer’s notice of appeal from the decision of the board of tax assessors, which decision the taxpayer is attempting to overturn, the denial of the motion to dismiss is favorable to the taxpayer and establishes no ground for reversal of the trial court’s judgment. Williamson v. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 168 Ga. App. 47, 308 S.E.2d 55, 1983 Ga. App. LEXIS 2672 (1983). Right to appeal penalty assessment. — Assessment of a penalty for a breach of a conservation use covenant is an assessment for which a property owner has the right to appeal pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311. Oconee County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Thomas, 282 Ga. 422, 651 S.E.2d 45, 2007 Ga. LEXIS 592 (2007). Costs and expenses on appeal. — Taxpayer was not entitled to costs and expenses for having to appear at the hearing of the county board of equalization on the taxpayer’s initial appeal and for having to appeal to the superior court in order to have the board rule on the taxpayer’s request. Hulse v. Joint City-County Bd. of Assessors, 219 Ga. App. 309, 464 S.E.2d 890, 1995 Ga. App. LEXIS 1028 (1995). Trial court erred in awarding a property owner $7,515.00 in attorney fees under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii) against a county board of tax assessors after a jury valued the property in question substantially lower than the board’s valuation; the record did not support the trial court’s conclusion that the property was returned for taxation by operation of law pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-20(a)(2), and the board did not waive the board’s objection to the fees, because the trial court did not hold a hearing on the issue of the attorney’s fees, O.C.G.A. § 9-11-46(a), and the board therefore did not have an opportunity to object to the award. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Butner, 258 Ga. App. 68, 573 S.E.2d 100, 2002 Ga. App. LEXIS 1354 (2002). As a taxpayer did not pay the prior year’s taxes, the taxes paid by the taxpayer for the prior year were deemed the taxpayer’s tax return for the tax year under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-20(a)(2), so the taxpayer was not required to file a separate tax return on the taxpayer’s property, and the taxpayer’s late return was a nullity; therefore, upon the taxpayer’s successful appeal of an assessment of the taxpayer’s property, an award of costs and attorneys fees was mandatory under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii). Simmons v. Bd. of Tax Assessors, 268 Ga. App. 411, 602 S.E.2d 213, 2004 Ga. App. LEXIS 932 (2004), cert. denied, No. S04C1950, 2004 Ga. LEXIS 1071 (Ga. Nov. 22, 2004). Owner was entitled to attorney fees under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii) in an appeal of a property valuation because the final determination of value on appeal to the trial court was 85 percent or less of the valuation set by the board of tax assessors; it was irrelevant that the owner’s appeal to the trial court dealt with a “freeze” of the property value under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-299(c) and not a new determination of value. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Lamb, 298 Ga. App. 618, 680 S.E.2d 656, 2009 Ga. App. LEXIS 759 (2009). Order awarding a city attorney fees pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii) in the city’s appeal of a county’s tax assessment of the city’s property was error because § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii) only applied when there was a final determination of value on appeal, and the city’s appeal related not to value, but to taxability; valuation was not an issue, and, thus, the city did not satisfy the condition precedent to an award of fees under § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii). O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii) did not permit an award of attorney fees or litigation costs when, as here, the sole issue was taxability. Clayton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. City of Atlanta, 299 Ga. App. 233, 682 S.E.2d 328, 2009 Ga. App. LEXIS 863 (2009). Final property valuation that was set by operation of law pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-299(c) based on a prior tax year appeal did not preclude an award of attorney’s fees and costs under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii). Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. LM Atlanta Airport, LLC, 313 Ga. App. 439, 721 S.E.2d 640, 2011 Ga. App. LEXIS 1122 (2011). In a tax appeal, the trial court erred by denying the taxpayer’s request for attorney fees under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii) because it was successful against the county board of tax assessors and the capped value met the statutory threshold mandating that the taxpayer shall recover costs of litigation and reasonable attorney’s fees incurred in the action. SPH Glynn, LLC v. Glynn County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 326 Ga. App. 196, 756 S.E.2d 282, 2014 Ga. App. LEXIS 142 (2014), cert. denied, No. S14C1002, 2014 Ga. LEXIS 514 (Ga. June 16, 2014), cert. denied, No. S14C1003, 2014 Ga. LEXIS 512 (Ga. June 16, 2014). Applicability to challenge to multi-year audit. — Taxpayer was not required to file an appeal pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 contesting the denial of the taxpayer’s reduction in the value of the taxpayer’s merchandise for one tax year as the taxpayer was no longer challenging the taxpayer’s property tax assessment for one tax year, but was seeking to avoid a multi-year audit that the taxpayer attributed to an improper motive. Parisian, Inc. v. Cobb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 263 Ga. App. 332, 587 S.E.2d 771, 2003 Ga. App. LEXIS 1117 (2003), cert. denied, No. S04C0238, 2004 Ga. LEXIS 75 (Ga. Jan. 20, 2004). Trial court erred in awarding costs and attorney fees to the taxpayers after the jury valued their improved real property as the jury’s valuation figure was 85.8 percent and the applicable statute provided that the valuation figure had to be 85 percent or less of the equalization board’s figure in order for an award of costs and attorney fees to be permitted; the trial court erred because the court deducted the undisputed value of an improvement on the land from the jury’s verdict, but a proper valuation of the fair market value of the property dictated that the value of that improvement be included in determining whether the valuation was 85 percent or less of the equalization board’s valuation for the purpose of awarding fees and costs. Stephens County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Shirley, 263 Ga. App. 743, 589 S.E.2d 263, 2003 Ga. App. LEXIS 1270 (2003), cert. denied, No. S04C0426, 2004 Ga. LEXIS 155 (Ga. Feb. 16, 2004). Value to be determined by arbitrator. — In a taxpayer’s appeal from a real estate tax valuation assessment, the trial court erred in holding that the value of a parcel of real property was the value set out in the taxpayer’s appraisal since within 45 days of receiving the taxpayer’s certified appraisal, the county board of tax assessors voted to reject the taxpayer’s appraisal value, and within another 45 days, the board certified the appeal in compliance with O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(f)(3)(A). Thus, the value remained to be determined by an arbitrator in accordance with the procedures set out in § 48-5-311(f). Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Greenfield Inv. Group, LLC, 313 Ga. App. 195, 721 S.E.2d 128, 2011 Ga. App. LEXIS 1026 (2011), cert. dismissed, No. S12C0711, 2012 Ga. LEXIS 706 (Ga. Sept. 10, 2012). 2.Notice of Appeal The 30 day limit in paragraph (g)(2) of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 applies to boards of assessors as well as to taxpayers. Stoddard v. Cone, 250 Ga. 852, 301 S.E.2d 641, 1983 Ga. LEXIS 660 (1983). Failure of the board of tax assessors to give 30-day notice of appeal to taxpayers deprived the superior court of jurisdiction and such failure was not an amendable or curable defect. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. CPS Four Hundred, Ltd., 213 Ga. App. 1, 443 S.E.2d 645, 1994 Ga. App. LEXIS 447 (1994). Failure to file notice with board of tax assessors or to state grounds for appeal warrants dismissal. — When a landowner seeks to appeal the county tax assessor’s assessed valuation of the landowner’s property, but the notice of appeal is not filed with the board of tax assessors and does not state the grounds for appeal, the superior court does not err in dismissing the landowner’s complaint to enjoin the county tax commissioner from selling the landowner’s property because of unpaid taxes. Davis v. Holland, 251 Ga. 86, 303 S.E.2d 455, 1983 Ga. LEXIS 732 (1983). Tax assessors must certify notice of appeal. — O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 did not give a board of tax assessors the discretion to refuse to certify a notice of appeal based on the taxpayer’s failure to be present at the hearing. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Jones, 264 Ga. 828, 452 S.E.2d 99, 1995 Ga. LEXIS 9 (1995). Failure to notify taxpayers of right to appeal. — County’s recalculations of the taxpayers’ homestead exemptions involved the value of the exemptions, bringing the taxpayers within O.C.G.A. § 48-5-49, which permitted an appeal under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311. Since the county had not given the taxpayers notice under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-306 of the taxpayers’ right to appeal, the taxpayers were entitled to equitable relief requiring the county to: (1) provide taxpayers with proper notice of and the right to appeal changes in the homestead exemptions; (2) stop collecting taxes referenced in bills sent without proper notice; and (3) refund any tax money collected based on bills issued without such notice. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Marani, 299 Ga. App. 580, 683 S.E.2d 136, 2009 Ga. App. LEXIS 909 (2009), cert. denied, No. S09C2072, 2010 Ga. LEXIS 18 (Ga. Jan. 12, 2010). Sufficiency of notice. — Superior court erred in granting a county’s motion to dismiss a taxpayer’s appeal when, although the taxpayer had not offered an explanation as to the basis for the taxpayer’s appeal, the board of tax assessors thereafter certified the case to the superior court and, in connection with the docketing of the case in that court, the taxpayer filed a form in which the taxpayer stated that the taxpayer was filing the appeal “under Ga. Code No. 48-5-311 . . . regarding taxability and value.” Vaughters v. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 198 Ga. App. 589, 402 S.E.2d 340, 1991 Ga. App. LEXIS 188 (1991). Because the taxpayers’ notice of appeal of the valuation of their property was filed with the County Board of Tax Assessors (BTA) and the trial court on the same day, which was within the statutory time limitation of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(2), the BTA received the required notice initiating the taxpayers’ appeal; filing the notice in the trial court did not render the notice ineffective. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Love, 296 Ga. App. 613, 676 S.E.2d 256, 2009 Ga. App. LEXIS 288 (2009). Notice provisions to be strictly construed. — When a reassessment notice was properly mailed to a taxpayer pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-306 and the taxpayer’s request for a late appeal was denied by the board of tax assessors, the taxpayers were not entitled to declaratory relief or to mandamus because O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 prescribes a time limit for filing appeals, the appeal was not filed within that period, and the board was powerless to extend the period. Dillard v. Denson, 243 Ga. App. 458, 533 S.E.2d 101, 2000 Ga. App. LEXIS 428 (2000). Liberal reading of notice of appeal. — Trial court erred in dismissing the taxpayers’ appeal, when, although the taxpayers’ enumerated errors to the superior court were not clearly defined, a liberal reading of the notice of appeal indicated that the taxpayers were challenging the assessed value of their property based on an alleged error in computation. Andrew v. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 194 Ga. App. 274, 390 S.E.2d 115, 1990 Ga. App. LEXIS 104 (1990). 3.Appeals to Board of Equalization Judicial power to determine taxability is vested in the board of equalization. Bouy v. Kiley, 238 Ga. 47, 230 S.E.2d 861, 1976 Ga. LEXIS 1085 (1976). Authority to remedy deficiencies in ad valorem tax digest. — General Assembly has invested county boards of tax equalization with ample authority to remedy deficiencies in an ad valorem tax digest. The board is authorized to order the entire digest recompiled if such action is necessary to obtain uniformity. Tax Assessors v. Chitwood, 235 Ga. 147, 218 S.E.2d 759, 1975 Ga. LEXIS 808 (1975). Scope of board’s authority to redress grievances as to tax assessments. — County board of equalization has full authority to fashion an adequate and appropriate legal remedy to redress grievances of taxpayers regarding the valuation of individual parcels of land and the uniformity of the county tax assessments. Tax Assessors v. Chitwood, 235 Ga. 147, 218 S.E.2d 759, 1975 Ga. LEXIS 808 (1975); Chilivis v. Kell, 236 Ga. 226, 223 S.E.2d 117, 1976 Ga. LEXIS 820 (1976). Time for appeal begins to run on the day notice is received by the taxpayer. Hamilton v. Edwards, 245 Ga. 810, 267 S.E.2d 246, 1980 Ga. LEXIS 944 (1980). Extension of time for appeal not within authority of board of tax assessors. — There is no power or authority given the board of tax assessors or any members thereof to extend the period in which an appeal may be filed by the taxpayer, and the attempted extension of the time for filing such an appeal is void. Tift v. Tift County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 234 Ga. 155, 215 S.E.2d 3, 1975 Ga. LEXIS 1072 (1975). Sufficiency of statement of grounds for appeal. — Letter expressing no more than dissatisfaction with an assessment does not specifically state the grounds for appeal. Ledbetter Trucks, Inc. v. Floyd County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 143 Ga. App. 323, 238 S.E.2d 440, 1977 Ga. App. LEXIS 2304 (1977), rev'd, 240 Ga. 791, 242 S.E.2d 596, 1978 Ga. LEXIS 829 (1978). Excuse from filing notice of appeal. — Prior communications with a firm employed by the board of tax assessors to assist the board in making valuations do not excuse taxpayers from complying with the requirement for filing a notice of appeal from the official notice given by the board of tax assessors. Peagler v. Georgetown Assocs., 232 Ga. 848, 209 S.E.2d 186, 1974 Ga. LEXIS 1109 (1974). Notice met requirements. — Board of Equalization sent notice according to the statutory requirements as Property Tax Advisers, LLC, while retained and authorized to act on behalf of the taxpayer, was not an attorney who could be served under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(o), and the taxpayer admitted receiving a copy of the notice that was sent via certified mail. Dickey v. Fulton County Bd. of Assessors, 333 Ga. App. 346, 776 S.E.2d 480, 2015 Ga. App. LEXIS 313 (2015). Necessity for appellant to raise issue of nonuniformity. — County board of equalization may fashion a remedy in light of evidence that there is a lack of uniformity of property assessment within the county. Such nonuniformity within the county need not be raised by an appellant before the county board of equalization. The board need only find reason to believe that property is not uniformly assessed. Therefore, a taxpayer who in good faith returns the taxpayer’s property at the property’s fair market value and does not have the taxpayer’s return changed would seem to be entitled to present evidence to the county board of equalization that there is a lack of uniformity within the county. Adams v. Smith, 415 F. Supp. 787, 1976 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 14487 (N.D. Ga. 1976), aff'd, 568 F.2d 1232, 1978 U.S. App. LEXIS 12338 (5th Cir. 1978). Specification of reasons for uniformity determination. — After the taxpayer raised the issue of uniformity of taxation in the taxpayer’s appeal, the county board of equalization was required to specifically decide the issue and to specify the reasons for the board’s determination. Hulse v. Joint City-County Bd. of Assessors, 219 Ga. App. 309, 464 S.E.2d 890, 1995 Ga. App. LEXIS 1028 (1995). Errors in the hearing before the board of equalization are waived if not objected to at the equalizers’ hearing. Murray v. Richardson, 134 Ga. App. 676, 215 S.E.2d 715, 1975 Ga. App. LEXIS 2123 (1975). Challenge of procedure for carrying assessments forward from one year to the next. — When a taxpayer challenges the procedure used by the county tax officials in carrying forward assessments from one year to the next, rather than attacking the validity of the tax digest or the amount of the assessment, the taxpayer is not required to appeal to the county board of equalization. Smith v. Day, 237 Ga. 48, 226 S.E.2d 588, 1976 Ga. LEXIS 1142 (1976). Board’s challenge to non taxable usufruct finding. — Trial court determined that the lease agreement conveyed a non taxable usufruct to the airport hotel owner because the 50 year agreement created a rebuttable presumption of an estate for years and that presumption was sufficiently rebutted in the specific terms of the agreement which when read together made clear that the hotel owner could not use the land in as absolute a manner as may be done with an estate for years. Chatham County Bd. of Assessors v. Jay Lalaji, Inc., 357 Ga. App. 34, 849 S.E.2d 768, 2020 Ga. App. LEXIS 557 (2020). Hearing must be timely scheduled. — Board of Equalization hearing officer was correct to find that Appeal Administrator did not timely act and, as a result, it was correct to find taxpayer’s asserted property valuation of $2,335,000 to be fair market value for property pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(e.1)(6)(A). Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Westside Atlanta Retail, 363 Ga. App. 839, 872 S.E.2d 886, 2022 Ga. App. LEXIS 226 (2022). 4.Appeals to Superior Court Applicability of Ch. 11, T. 9 to appeals to superior court. — An appeal brought under former Code 1933, § 92-6912 (see now O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311) to the superior court from a county tax assessment was a “complaint” pursuant to Ga. L. 1966, p. 609 § 3 (see now O.C.G.A. § 9-11-3), which was required to be answered by responsive pleading pursuant to Ga. L. 1966, p. 609, § 12 (see now O.C.G.A. § 9-11-12). Hall County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Reed, 142 Ga. App. 556, 236 S.E.2d 532, 1977 Ga. App. LEXIS 1699 (1977). Approval of appeal not required. — O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 does not require a county or city governing authority to vote to approve an appeal by the board of tax assessors; the plain meaning of the Code section is that the governing authority be notified of appeals by the board of tax assessors from assessment changes of 15 percent or less so that, within 10 days of receipt of such notice, the governing authority may choose to prohibit the appeal by majority vote. Hall County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Peachtree Doors, Inc., 214 Ga. App. 613, 448 S.E.2d 476, 1994 Ga. App. LEXIS 983 (1994), cert. denied, No. S95C0076, 1995 Ga. LEXIS 254 (Ga. Jan. 26, 1995). Appeals must be received, not merely mailed, within time limit. — Although mailed within 30 days of date on which decision of board of equalization was sent by registered mail, an appeal from the board’s decision was not timely because the appeal was not received until two days after expiration of the 30-day time limit imposed by statute. Camden County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Proctor, 155 Ga. App. 650, 271 S.E.2d 902, 1980 Ga. App. LEXIS 2719 (1980). Amendment of notice of appeal to superior court. — Since the policy of the law is in favor of deciding tax appeals on the merits, even at the expense of procedural technicalities, Ga. L. 1972, p. 624, § 1 (see now O.C.G.A. § 5-6-48 (b)), which allowed amendments of notices of appeal from superior courts, also applied to notices of appeal to the superior courts from administrative boards. Mundy v. Clayton County Tax Assessors, 146 Ga. App. 473, 246 S.E.2d 479, 1978 Ga. App. LEXIS 2414 (1978). While the notice of appeal that the board of tax assessors sent to the taxpayer was insufficient to perfect the appeal of the board of tax assessors to the superior court because it did not specifically state the grounds for the appeal, the superior court erred in dismissing the appeal; the superior court should have allowed the board of assessors to cure the defect by amending the notice of appeal since notices of appeal could be amended and a policy existed to decide tax appeals on their merits. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Layton, 261 Ga. App. 356, 582 S.E.2d 520, 2003 Ga. App. LEXIS 628 (2003). Jury trial required for questions of facts. — When questions of fact are presented by such an appeal, the law requires a de novo investigation by trial before a jury. Hall County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Reed, 142 Ga. App. 556, 236 S.E.2d 532, 1977 Ga. App. LEXIS 1699 (1977). Clerk’s duty to set appeal for first term. — When it is the express command of a statute that appeal cases be tried by a jury at the first term after the appeal has been entered, it would appear to be the duty of the clerk to place the appeal upon the trial calendar for the first term after docketing. McCauley v. Bd. of Tax Assessors, 243 Ga. 844, 257 S.E.2d 266, 1979 Ga. LEXIS 1112 (1979). Dismissal of appeals not heard during first term following filing. — Dismissal of appeal on the ground that the appeal was not brought to trial at the first term is proper when the appellant fails to request that the appeal be placed at the head of the calendar and given the preference to which it is entitled under the law. The provision of this statute, requiring the appeal from the board’s decision to be heard before a jury at the first term following the filing of the appeal, concerns and affects both the public interest and the interest of the taxpayer since the public has an interest in the proper administration of the revenue laws and the solvency of its fisc, while the taxpayer is entitled to know promptly and precisely the extent of the taxpayer’s tax liability. Thus, dismissal will result from a failure to obtain a trial at the first term unless a reasonable excuse is shown. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Stone Mountain Indus. Park, 147 Ga. App. 503, 249 S.E.2d 318, 1978 Ga. App. LEXIS 2737 (1978). Default judgment will not lie for failure to file defensive pleadings in a de novo hearing on appeal in the superior court from a property evaluation. Hall County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Reed, 142 Ga. App. 556, 236 S.E.2d 532, 1977 Ga. App. LEXIS 1699 (1977). Under Ga. L. 1966, p. 609, § 55 and Ga. L. 1967, p. 226, § 24 (see now O.C.G.A. § 9-11-55) in conjunction with former Code 1933, § 92-6912 (see now O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311) an appeal did not automatically become in default upon failure to timely file responses, when the statutory design contemplated that findings as to fair market value shall be made. Hall County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Reed, 142 Ga. App. 556, 236 S.E.2d 532, 1977 Ga. App. LEXIS 1699 (1977). No automatic default when unliquidated damages involved. — Under Ga. L. 1966, § 55 and Ga. L. 1967, p. 226, § 24 (see now O.C.G.A. § 9-11-55) a case did not automatically become in default upon the failure to timely file responses if the action involves unliquidated damages. Hall County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Reed, 142 Ga. App. 556, 236 S.E.2d 532, 1977 Ga. App. LEXIS 1699 (1977). Having failed to appeal from the decision of the board of equalization, a party could not at a later date successfully institute an original action in the superior court to raise the issue of taxability. Bouy v. Kiley, 238 Ga. 47, 230 S.E.2d 861, 1976 Ga. LEXIS 1085 (1976). Failure of limited liability companies (LLC) to satisfy the requirement of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(e)(2)(A) barred any further right to appeal because the letters and returns the LLCs’ representative submitted months before the assessment notices were mailed did not excuse the LLCs from complying with the requirement of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(e)(2)(A) that a taxpayer mail or file a notice of appeal within 30 days from the date of mailing the notice pursuant to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-306; because the LLCs failed to comply with O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(e) so as to effectuate an appeal to the county board of equalization, the LLCs’ appeals to the superior court should have been dismissed. Hall County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Avalon Hills Partners, LLC, 307 Ga. App. 520, 705 S.E.2d 674, 2010 Ga. App. LEXIS 1151 (2010), cert. denied, No. S11C0703, 2011 Ga. LEXIS 602 (Ga. Sept. 6, 2011). Trial court properly dismissed a taxpayer group’s suit seeking a rollback of 2009 assessed values to the 2008 assessed values because whether the moratorium under O.C.G.A. § 48-5B-1 applied should have been raised in an administrative appeal under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 and, by failing to pursue the taxpayers’ remedy, the taxpayers’ complaint was subject to dismissal. We, the Taxpayers v. Bd. of Tax Assessors, 292 Ga. 31, 734 S.E.2d 373, 2012 Ga. LEXIS 944 (2012). Tax assessor proper party to appeal decision of Board of Equalization. — When the superior court granted the taxpayer’s motion for summary judgment and held that the taxpayer’s inventory was exempt from property tax, the trial court properly denied the school district’s motion to intervene as untimely because the school district moved to intervene after the final judgment and after the appeal period had run; the school district failed to make the required showing to justify intervention; it was the duty of the tax assessor to protect the interests of every recipient of taxes collected, including the school district; and the tax assessor was the appropriate party to appeal the decision of the board of equalization to the superior court. Henry County Sch. Dist. v. Home Depot U.S. A., Inc., 348 Ga. App. 723, 824 S.E.2d 622, 2019 Ga. App. LEXIS 72 (2019). Scope of superior court’s jurisdiction on appeal. — Only those decisions of the board of equalization on questions presented to the board or incident thereto may be relitigated in the superior court. Camp v. Boggs, 240 Ga. 127, 239 S.E.2d 530, 1977 Ga. LEXIS 1421 (1977). Trial court properly dismissed a taxpayer’s appeal from a purported denial of a homestead exemption on grounds that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over the case as the taxpayer failed to show both an application for and the denial of a homestead exemption, and failed to exhaust any and all of the applicable administrative remedies under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311. Carter v. Fayette County, 287 Ga. App. 175, 651 S.E.2d 108, 2007 Ga. App. LEXIS 908 (2007). Reviewing court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to consider value and uniformity in an appeal of a decision of the Hall County Board of Equalization (BOE) as a hospital did not present those issues in the underlying administrative tax case, which was limited to O.C.G.A. § 48-5-41(a)(5), and the statute’s application; further, as there was no Hall County Board of Tax Assessors decision concerning value and uniformity that could have been appealed to the BOE, there was no appeal to the BOE on those issues that could have been waived by mutual agreement and initiated, instead, in the reviewing court under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(1). Hall County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Northeast Ga. Health Sys., 317 Ga. App. 389, 730 S.E.2d 715, 2012 Ga. App. LEXIS 691 (2012), cert. denied, No. S12C2044, 2013 Ga. LEXIS 80 (Ga. Jan. 22, 2013). When appellant raises only a question of value before the board of equalization, the appellant cannot raise a new claim of uniformity for the first time on appeal to the superior court. Camp v. Boggs, 240 Ga. 127, 239 S.E.2d 530, 1977 Ga. LEXIS 1421 (1977). Objections waived on appeal if not brought before board. — Matters of taxability, uniformity of assessment, and value must be raised before the county board of equalization in order to raise the matters on appeal to the superior court, notwithstanding that the action in superior court is de novo. Williams v. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 249 Ga. 164, 289 S.E.2d 235, 1982 Ga. LEXIS 764 (1982). When issues not raised before board may be raised before superior court. — When a taxpayer appeals an assessment of the board of tax assessors to the board of equalization, and from the decision of the latter to the superior court for a de novo hearing, the taxpayer is not permitted to raise in the superior court appeal issues which were not raised in the original appeal to the board of equalization. However, when the original appeal to the board of equalization is not included in the record, and when it is not contended that such original appeal failed to raise the question of valuation, an appellant is not estopped in an appeal to the superior court from an adverse decision of the board of equalization from urging at the de novo hearing that the valuation set is excessive. Mundy v. Clayton County Tax Assessors, 146 Ga. App. 473, 246 S.E.2d 479, 1978 Ga. App. LEXIS 2414 (1978). When a board of equalization fails to answer some of the questions submitted by the taxpayer, such failure should be enumerated as error on a de novo appeal. Accordingly, relief by way of injunction or mandamus is inappropriate because a taxpayer must raise the issue before the board and exhaust the taxpayer’s remedies by the statutorily provided appeal. Wilkes v. Redding, 242 Ga. 78, 247 S.E.2d 872, 1978 Ga. LEXIS 1100 (1978). Burden of proof in superior court is on party initiating appeal to that court. — Because the nonprofit charitable institution had already carried the institution’s burden of proving entitlement to a charitable exemption, the burden of proof showing that the institution was not entitled to the exemption on an appeal was on the board of tax assessors. Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Baptist Vill., Inc., 269 Ga. App. 848, 605 S.E.2d 436, 2004 Ga. App. LEXIS 1315 (2004). Admissibility of hearing proceedings on appeal to superior court. — What transpired at the hearing would not be admissible if objected to in the de novo investigation at trial before jury. Murray v. Richardson, 134 Ga. App. 676, 215 S.E.2d 715, 1975 Ga. App. LEXIS 2123 (1975). References to prior proceedings and procedures should be omitted as the references have no relevance in a de novo matter. Weeks v. Gwinnett County Bd. of Tax Equalization, 139 Ga. App. 37, 227 S.E.2d 865, 1976 Ga. App. LEXIS 1670 (1976), overruled in part, Gilmer County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Spence, 309 Ga. App. 482, 711 S.E.2d 51, 2011 Ga. App. LEXIS 371 (2011). Evidentiary weight given to findings of fact by the board of tax assessors. — Board of tax assessors’ findings of fact are not deemed prima facie correct on appeals to the superior court, but are evidence which the jury may consider, along with other evidence, in resolving the issue before the jury. Weeks v. Gwinnett County Bd. of Tax Equalization, 139 Ga. App. 37, 227 S.E.2d 865, 1976 Ga. App. LEXIS 1670 (1976), overruled in part, Gilmer County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Spence, 309 Ga. App. 482, 711 S.E.2d 51, 2011 Ga. App. LEXIS 371 (2011). Request for certification from tax consulting firm. — Nothing in the language of O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311 prohibits a tax consulting firm from writing a letter to the board of tax assessors requesting certification of an appeal to superior court. Interstate North Sporting Club v. Cobb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 250 Ga. App. 221, 551 S.E.2d 91, 2001 Ga. App. LEXIS 733 (2001), cert. denied, No. S01C1545, 2001 Ga. LEXIS 947 (Ga. Nov. 30, 2001). No presumption of correctness attaches to the assessments of the board of equalization on appeal to the superior court. Hodsdon v. Duckett, 135 Ga. App. 922, 219 S.E.2d 634, 1975 Ga. App. LEXIS 1876 (1975). Exercise of equitable powers unnecessary. — An appeal before a county board of equalization provides an adequate remedy at law for the determination of county taxpayers’ questions, making unnecessary the exercise of the equitable powers of the superior court. Wilkes v. Redding, 242 Ga. 78, 247 S.E.2d 872, 1978 Ga. LEXIS 1100 (1978). Mandamus and actions in equity not authorized. — Board of equalization is the appropriate forum for deciding a taxpayer’s constitutional and procedural issues as well as questions of uniformity, valuation, and taxability; therefore, an action in equity and mandamus in the superior court raising those issues is unauthorized. Wilkes v. Redding, 242 Ga. 78, 247 S.E.2d 872, 1978 Ga. LEXIS 1100 (1978). Mandamus relief properly denied since certification of appeals obtained. — Trial court did not err by denying a group of property owners their request for mandamus relief in the nature of finding that the county board of tax assessors certified their property tax appeals because it was undisputed that the tax appeals were physically delivered to the trial court and that it had ruled that such appeals were certified to it, thus, the property owners received the relief sought regarding certification. Newton Timber Co., L.L.L.P. v. Monroe County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 295 Ga. 29, 755 S.E.2d 770, 2014 Ga. LEXIS 189 (2014). Certification required before case placed on trial calendar. — Absent certification of the taxpayers’ appeal by the county board of tax assessors, the filing of the appeal under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(A) did not occur and the requirement that the case be placed on the first available trial calendar was not yet triggered. Monroe County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Wilson, 336 Ga. App. 404, 785 S.E.2d 67, 2016 Ga. App. LEXIS 190 (2016), cert. denied, No. S16C1323, 2016 Ga. LEXIS 638 (Ga. Oct. 3, 2016). Assessment of property taxes. — Judgment setting the value for improved residential real property owned by the property owners at $ 291,000 was appropriate because an appraiser gave expert opinion testimony that the fair market value of the property was $291,000 and other expert witnesses opined that the county employed appraisal methods in ways that systemically produced incorrect or arbitrary estimates of fair market value for residential properties. Gilmer County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. McHugh, 309 Ga. App. 145, 709 S.E.2d 311, 2011 Ga. App. LEXIS 242 (2011), cert. denied, No. S11C1231, 2011 Ga. LEXIS 698 (Ga. Sept. 12, 2011). Property owners’ challenges to tax assessment in superior court. — There was no merit in the Gilmer County Board of Tax Assessor’s claim that the superior court erred in allowing the property owners to challenge the uniformity of the tax assessment. The property owners did not base the owners’ uniformity challenge solely upon the amount of taxes paid by the specific developer who owned property within the owners’ subdivision; the owners also based the owners’ challenge upon the amount of taxes paid by numerous other taxpayers in the county to whose properties the property owners contended an absorption rate had been misapplied. Gilmer County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. McHugh, 309 Ga. App. 145, 709 S.E.2d 311, 2011 Ga. App. LEXIS 242 (2011), cert. denied, No. S11C1231, 2011 Ga. LEXIS 698 (Ga. Sept. 12, 2011). Costs. — When the owner of commercial property successfully appealed an assessment of the property’s value by a board of equalization, and the value determined on appeal was less than 80 percent of the value assessed by the board, the taxpayer was entitled to an award of costs, including attorney fees and litigation costs because O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii) became effective prior to the assessment. Pulaski County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. JFS Props., 274 Ga. App. 520, 618 S.E.2d 151, 2005 Ga. App. LEXIS 789 (2005). Attorney fee awards. — When taxpayers challenging an assessment filed an appeal from the verdict of the first jury that tried the case, it was error, following retrial, to deny the taxpayers attorney fees in connection with the appeal from the first jury verdict. “Action” in O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii) does not limit recovery to attorney fees incurred in the trial court. Buckler v. DeKalb County Bd. of Tax Assessors, 288 Ga. App. 332, 654 S.E.2d 184, 2007 Ga. App. LEXIS 1195 (2007). Taxpayer was entitled to an award of attorney fees of $37,475 under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii) because the jury’s valuation of the taxpayer’s property was less than 85 percent of the value assessed by the county board of assessors. Although the county later lowered the property’s value, the taxpayer had already appealed three times from the original value, and the attorney’s fee amendment was intended to ensure that valuations were accurate from the outset. Fulton County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. White, 302 Ga. App. 512, 691 S.E.2d 341, 2010 Ga. App. LEXIS 169 (2010). Tax assessor waived the assessor’s argument that the company was not entitled to attorney fees under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii) on the grounds that the bank failed to file a property tax return or that the bank was the real party in interest. Fulton County Bd. of Assessors v. Calliope Props., LLC, 312 Ga. App. 875, 720 S.E.2d 312, 2011 Ga. App. LEXIS 1059 (2011). Award of attorney fees approved on appeal. — Because the value was less than 85 percent of the valuation set by the board of assessors, the trial court awarded the owner attorney fees under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(B)(ii). The amount of the fee award was within the range of the evidence adduced at the hearing, and the award was not manifestly unreasonable on its face. Fulton County Bd. of Assessors v. Calliope Props., LLC, 315 Ga. App. 405, 727 S.E.2d 198, 2012 Ga. App. LEXIS 377 (2012). Dismissal of appeal held erroneous. — Command stated under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(g)(4)(A), specifically, that non-jury trials in appeals from a board of equalization to the superior court were to be held within 40 days of filing, was directory rather than mandatory, making erroneous the superior court’s dismissal of the appeals upon a failure to hold a hearing within that time period. Jasper County Bd. of Tax Assessors v. Thomas, 289 Ga. App. 38, 656 S.E.2d 188, 2007 Ga. App. LEXIS 1327 (2007). Remand held proper. — In a gas company’s suit against the state revenue commissioner for mandamus compelling the commissioner to accept its property tax returns under O.C.G.A. §§ 48-1-2(21) and 48-5-511(a), remand was proper to determine if the company had an acceptable alternative remedy in its pending county tax appeals under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311, if the commissioner could be made a party to those appeals by joinder or some other procedure. Southern LNG, Inc. v. MacGinnitie, 294 Ga. 657, 755 S.E.2d 683, 2014 Ga. LEXIS 168 (2014). OPINIONS OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL Georgia Open Meetings Law, O.C.G.A. § 50-14-1 et seq., applies to proceedings both of a county board of tax assessors and of a county board of equalization. 1995 Op. Atty Gen. No. U95-22. Persons holding office as members of a county board of equalization by virtue of a one-year appointment under prior law, former Code 1933, § 91A-1449(c), continue in office until their successors can be “commissioned and qualified.” As the current statute, O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311(c), provides no mechanism to appoint for a term beginning prior to January 1, 1984, current members thus hold over in office until such time after December 31, 1983, as their successor is commissioned and qualified. 1983 Op. Atty Gen. No. U83-30. Property sold under bond for title. — Purchaser/possessor of a piece of property under a bond for title can be subjected to ad valorem taxation for that parcel and once the Board of Tax Assessors chooses to assess the property against the occupant, and not the seller of the property, the occupant should receive the tax notices required by O.C.G.A. § 48-5-306, and be treated as “the taxpayer” entitled to appeal under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311. 1989 Op. Atty Gen. U89-17. Cost of appeal to superior court. — Appellants contesting a decision rendered by a county board of equalization in superior court must pay the advance court cost deposit set forth in O.C.G.A. §§ 9-15-4 and 15-6-77. 1985 Op. Atty Gen. No. U85-17, following 1974 Op. Atty Gen. U74-46. Effect of late notice from board of tax assessors. — When county tax assessors make a change in property valuation and send out notice thereof in which the date set for a hearing is more than ten days after the mailing of the notice, such notice is not a notice of final assessment, but only of a proposed assessment. 1970 Op. Atty Gen. No. U70-141. Payment of ad valorem property taxes would not prejudice a taxpayer’s appeal brought pursuant to former Code 1933, § 92-6912 (see now O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311). If successful in such an appeal, the taxpayer would be entitled to a refund under former Code 1933, Ch. 92-39A (see now O.C.G.A. § 48-5-380). 1975 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 75-55. Cost of appeal to superior court. — Party who files notice of appeal to the superior court bears burden of cost deposit under former Code 1933, §§ 24-2727 and 24-3406 (see now O.C.G.A. §§ 9-15-4 and 15-6-77). 1974 Op. Atty Gen. No. U74-46. Possibility of conflict of interest between the grand jury and county board of equalization would not constitute a disqualification for service upon either body, but would be a question for the court at the time of jury selection. 1973 Op. Atty Gen. No. U73-111. RESEARCH REFERENCES Am. Jur. 2d. 72 Am. Jur. 2d, State and Local Taxation, §§ 701, 710. C.J.S. 50A C.J.S., Juries, §§ 367, 473, 483 et seq., 494, 495. 84 C.J.S., Taxation, §§ 787 et seq., 888 et seq. ALR. Notice to property owners of increase in assessment or valuation by board of equalization or review, 24 A.L.R. 331; 84 A.L.R. 197. Construction and application of statute prohibiting or restricting reassessment after assessment and payment of taxes, 85 A.L.R. 107. Power of board of tax review to receive evidence as to assessable value, without notice to taxpayer, 113 A.L.R. 990. Standing of one taxpayer to complain of underassessment or nonassessment of property of another for state and local taxation, 9 A.L.R.4th 428.