Definitions.

As used in this title, the term:

(1) “Agency” means any department, commission, institution, office, or officer of this state.

(2) “Aircraft” means any contrivance used or designed for navigation or flight through the air.

(3) “Airline company” means any person who undertakes, directly or indirectly, to engage in the scheduled transportation by aircraft of persons or property for hire in intrastate, interstate, or international transportation.

(4) “Commissioner” means the state revenue commissioner.

(5) “Contraband article” means:

(A) Any unauthorized, false, forged, altered, or counterfeit revenue stamp or marking, prima facie evidencing the payment of any tax imposed by the revenue laws of this state;

(B) Any article, plate, die, stamp, machine, apparatus, paraphernalia, or other device or material designed for use, intended to be used, or used in the making of any unauthorized, false, forged, altered, or counterfeit revenue stamp or marking described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph; or

(C) Any article or property to which any unauthorized, false, forged, altered, or counterfeit revenue stamp or marking prima facie evidencing the payment of any tax imposed by the revenue laws of this state is attached or affixed.

(6) “Department” means the Department of Revenue.

(7) “Deputy commissioner” means the deputy revenue commissioner.

(8) “Domestic,” when applied to any corporation or association (including, but not limited to, a partnership), means created, organized, or domiciled in this state.

(9) “Fiduciary” means a guardian, trustee, executor, administrator, receiver, conservator, or any person, whether individual or corporate, acting in any fiduciary capacity for any person.

(10) Reserved.

(11) “Foreign,” when applied to any corporation or association (including, but not limited to, a partnership), means created or organized outside this state.

(12) “Individual” means a natural person.

(13) “Intangible personal property” means the capital stock of all corporations; money, notes, bonds, accounts, or other credits, secured or unsecured; patent rights, copyrights, franchises, and any other classes and kinds of property defined by law as intangible personal property.

(14) “Internal Revenue Code” or “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” means for taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2021, the provisions of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, provided for in federal law enacted on or before January 1, 2022, except that Section 108(i), Section 163(e)(5)(F), Section 168(b)(3)(I), Section 168(e)(3)(B)(vii), Section 168(e)(3)(E)(ix), Section 168(e)(8), Section 168(k), Section 168(m), Section 168(n), Section 179(d)(1)(B)(ii), Section 179(f), Section 199, Section 381(c)(20), Section 382(d)(3), Section 810(b)(4), Section 1400L, Section 1400N(d)(1), Section 1400N(f), Section 1400N(j), Section 1400N(k), and Section 1400N(o) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, shall be treated as if they were not in effect, and except that Section 168(e)(7), Section 172(b)(1)(F), and Section 172(i)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, shall be treated as they were in effect before the 2008 enactment of federal Public Law 110-343, and except that Section 163(i)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, shall be treated as it was in effect before the 2009 enactment of federal Public Law 111-5, and except that Section 13(e)(4) of 2009 federal Public Law 111-92 shall be treated as if it was not in effect, and except that Section 118, Section 163(j), and Section 382(k)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, shall be treated as they were in effect before the 2017 enactment of federal Public Law 115-97; provided, however, that all provisions in federal Public Law 117-58 (Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act) that change or affect in any manner Section 118 shall be treated as if they were in effect, and except that all provisions in federal Public Law 116-136 (CARES Act) that change or affect in any manner Section 172 and Section 461(l) shall be treated as if they were not in effect, and except that all provisions in federal Public Law 117-2 (American Rescue Plan Act of 2021) that change or affect in any manner Section 461(l) shall be treated as if they were not in effect, and except that the limitations provided in Section 179(b)(1) shall be $250,000.00 for tax years beginning in 2010, shall be $250,000.00 for tax years beginning in 2011, shall be $250,000.00 for tax years beginning in 2012, shall be $250,000.00 for tax years beginning in 2013, and shall be $500,000.00 for tax years beginning in 2014, and except that the limitations provided in Section 179(b)(2) shall be $800,000.00 for tax years beginning in 2010, shall be $800,000.00 for tax years beginning in 2011, shall be $800,000.00 for tax years beginning in 2012, shall be $800,000.00 for tax years beginning in 2013, and shall be $2 million for tax years beginning in 2014, and provided that Section 1106 of federal Public Law 112-95 as amended by federal Public Law 113-243 shall be treated as if it is in effect, except the phrase “Code Section 48-2-35 (or, if later, November 15, 2015)” shall be substituted for the phrase “section 6511(a) of such Code (or, if later, April 15, 2015),” and notwithstanding any other provision in this title, no interest shall be refunded with respect to any claim for refund filed pursuant to Section 1106 of federal Public Law 112-95, and provided that subsection (b) of Section 3 of federal Public Law 114-292 shall be treated as if it is in effect, except the phrase “Code Section 48-2-35” shall be substituted for the phrase “section 6511(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986” and the phrase “such section” shall be substituted for the phrase “such subsection.” In the event a reference is made in this title to the Internal Revenue Code or the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 as it existed on a specific date prior to January 1, 2022, the term means the provisions of the Internal Revenue Code or the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 as it existed on the prior date. Unless otherwise provided in this title, any term used in this title shall have the same meaning as when used in a comparable provision or context in the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. For taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2021, provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which were as of January 1, 2022, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes.

(14.1) “Internal Revenue Code” or “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” means for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2005, but before January 1, 2007, the provisions of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, provided for in federal law enacted on or before January 1, 2006, except that Section 168(k) (but not excepting Section 168(k)(2)(A)(i), Section 168(k)(2)(D)(i), and Section 168(k)(2)(E)), Section 199, Section 1400L, Section 1400N(d)(1), Section 1400N(j), and Section 1400N(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, shall be treated as if they were not in effect, and except that the following provisions shall be as amended by the federal Tax Relief and Health Care Act of 2006 (Pub. L. No. 109-432) as such federal act existed on December 20, 2006, and effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they became effective for federal tax purposes pursuant to said federal act: Sections 38, 41, 45A, 45N, 51, 51A, 61, 62, 106, 121, 143, 164, 168 (except 168(k) but not excepting 168(k)(2)(A)(i), 168 (k)(2)(D)(i), and 168(k)(2)(E)), 170, 179E, 198, 220, 222, 223, 263, 280C, 312, 355, 613A, 954, 1043, 1221, 1245, 1355, 1397E, 1400A, 1400B, 7623, and 7872. For such taxable years, provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which were as of January 1, 2006, enacted into law but not yet effective shall be effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes. The provisions of this paragraph shall supersede and control over any provision of paragraph (14) of this Code section to the contrary.

(14.2) “Internal Revenue Code” or “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” means for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2006, but before January 1, 2008, the provisions of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, provided for in federal law enacted on or before January 1, 2008, except that Section 168(k) (but not excepting Section 168(k)(2)(A)(i), Section 168(k)(2)(D)(i), and Section 168(k)(2)(E)), Section 199, Section 1400L, Section 1400N(d)(1), Section 1400N(j), and Section 1400N(k) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, shall be treated as if they were not in effect. For such taxable years, provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which were as of January 1, 2008, enacted into law but not yet effective shall be effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes. The provisions of this paragraph shall supersede and control over any provision of paragraph (14) of this Code section to the contrary.

(14.3) “Internal Revenue Code” or “Internal Revenue Code of 1986” means for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2007, but before January 1, 2009, the provisions of the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, provided for in federal law enacted on or before January 1, 2009, except that Section 168(b)(3)(I), Section 168(e)(3)(B)(vii), Section 168(e)(3)(E)(ix), Section 168(e)(8), Section 168(k) (but not excepting Section 168(k)(2)(A)(i), Section 168(k)(2)(D)(i), and Section 168(k)(2)(E)), Section 168(m), Section 168(n), Section 172(b)(1)(F), Section 172(b)(1)(J), Section 172(j), Section 199, Section 1400L, Section 1400N(d)(1), Section 1400N(f), Section 1400N(j), Section 1400N(k), and Section 1400N(o) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, shall be treated as if they were not in effect, and except that Section 168(e)(7), Section 172(i)(1), and Section 1221 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, shall be treated as they were in effect before the 2008 enactment of federal Public Law 110-343. For such taxable years, provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, which were as of January 1, 2009, enacted into law but not yet effective shall be effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes. The provisions of this paragraph shall supersede and control over any provision of paragraph (14) of this Code section to the contrary.

(15) “Internal Revenue Service” or “IRS” means the Internal Revenue Service of the United States Department of the Treasury.

(16) “Member of the armed forces” means commissioned officers and personnel below the grade of commissioned officers in all regular and reserve components of the uniformed services subject to the jurisdiction of the United States Department of Defense. The term also includes the Coast Guard, but it does not include civilian employees of the armed forces.

(17) “Municipality” means an incorporated municipality in this state.

(18) “Person” means any individual, firm, partnership, cooperative, nonprofit membership corporation, joint venture, association, company, corporation, agency, syndicate, estate, trust, business trust, receiver, fiduciary, or other group or combination acting as a unit, body politic, or political subdivision, whether public, private, or quasi-public.

(19) “Personal property” means all tangible personal property and all intangible personal property, as the terms are defined in this Code section.

(20) “Personal representative” means the duly qualified and acting personal representative of the estate of a decedent or, if there is no duly qualified and acting representative, the person in possession of any property of the decedent.

(21) “Public utility” means all railroad companies, street and suburban railroads, or sleeping car companies; persons or companies operating railroads, street railroads, suburban railroads, or sleeping cars in this state; all express companies including railroad companies doing express, telephone, or telegraph business (except small telephone companies or persons operating a telephone business, the value of whose capital stock or property is less than $5,000.00); all gas, electric light, electric power, hydroelectric power, steam heat, refrigerated air, dockage or cranage, canal, toll road, toll bridge, railroad equipment, and navigation companies; and any person or persons operating a gas, electric light, electric power, hydroelectric power, steam heat, refrigerated air, dockage or cranage, canal, toll road, toll bridge, railroad equipment, or navigation business, through their president, general manager, owner, or agent having control of the company’s offices in this state.

(22) “Tangible personal property” means personal property which may be seen, weighed, measured, felt, or touched or which is in any other manner perceptible to the senses. The term “tangible personal property” shall not include intangible personal property. This paragraph shall not apply to Chapter 8 of this title relating to sales and use taxation.

(23) “Tax collector” means a county tax collector.

(24) “Tax commissioner” means a county tax commissioner.

(25) “Taxpayer” means any person required by law to file a return or to pay taxes.

(26) “Tax receiver” means a county tax receiver. History. Code 1933, § 91A-102, enacted by Ga. L. 1978, p. 309, § 2; Ga. L. 1979, p. 5, § 2; Ga. L. 1981, p. 1857, § 2; Ga. L. 1981, p. 1903, § 1; Ga. L. 1982, p. 3, § 48; Ga. L. 1984, p. 1323, § 1; Ga. L. 1987, p. 191, § 1; Ga. L. 1988, p. 475, § 1; Ga. L. 1989, p. 1402, § 1; Ga. L. 1990, p. 1350, § 1; Ga. L. 1991, p. 367, § 1; Ga. L. 1992, p. 1441, § 1; Ga. L. 1993, p. 728, § 1; Ga. L. 1993, p. 1402, § 16; Ga. L. 1994, p. 797, § 1; Ga. L. 1995, p. 324, § 1; Ga. L. 1996, p. 117, § 1; Ga. L. 1996, p. 130, § 1; Ga. L. 1996, p. 308, § 1; Ga. L. 1997, p. 396, § 1; Ga. L. 1998, p. 1224, § 1; Ga. L. 1999, p. 483, § 1; Ga. L. 2000, p. 1296, § 1; Ga. L. 2001, p. 1224, § 1; Ga. L. 2002, p. 439, § 1; Ga. L. 2003, p. 665, § 2; Ga. L. 2004, p. 410, § 2; Ga. L. 2005, p. 159, § 2/HB 488; Ga. L. 2006, p. 200, § 1/HB 1310; Ga. L. 2007, p. 2, §§ 1, 2/HB 357; Ga. L. 2008, p. 10, §§ 1, 2/HB 926; Ga. L. 2008, p. 324, § 48/SB 455; Ga. L. 2009, p. 6, §§ 1, 2/HB 74; Ga. L. 2010, p. 895, § 1/HB 1138; Ga. L. 2011, p. 38, § 1/HB 168; Ga. L. 2012, p. 694, § 1/HB 729; Ga. L. 2013, p. 7, § 1/HB 266; Ga. L. 2014, p. 231, § 1/HB 918; Ga. L. 2015, p. 2, § 1/HB 292; Ga. L. 2016, p. 1, § 1/HB 742; Ga. L. 2016, p. 864, § 48/HB 737; Ga. L. 2017, p. 4, § 1/HB 283; Ga. L. 2018, p. 8, § 1-1/HB 918; Ga. L. 2019, p. 817, § 1/HB 419; Ga. L. 2020, p. 184, § 1-1/HB 846; Ga. L. 2021, p. 1, § 1/HB 265; Ga. L. 2021, Ex. Sess. p. HB 7EX, § 1/HB 7EX; Ga. L. 2022, p. 316, § 1/HB 1320. The 2015 amendment, effective March 6, 2015, in paragraph (14), substituted “January 1, 2014” for “January 1, 2013” twice, substituted January 1, 2015” for “January 1, 2014” three times, substituted “November 15, 2015” for “November 15, 2013” and “April 15, 2015” for “April 15, 2013” once each, deleted “and” following “for tax years beginning in 2012,” twice, inserted “and shall be $500,000.00 for tax years beginning in 2014,”, inserted “and shall be $2 million for tax years beginning in 2014,”, and inserted “as amended by federal Public Law 113-243”. See Editor’s notes for applicability. The 2016 amendments. The first 2016 amendment, effective February 23, 2016, in paragraph (14), substituted “January 1, 2015” for “January 1, 2014” twice, substituted “January 1, 2016” for “January 1, 2015” three times, and substituted “Section 168(k)(2)(E))” for “Section 168(k)(2)(E)”. See Editor’s notes for applicability. The second 2016 amendment, effective May 3, 2016, part of an Act to revise, modernize, and correct the Code, revised punctuation in paragraph (14). The 2017 amendment, effective March 21, 2017, in paragraph (14), substituted “2016” for “2015” twice, substituted “2017” for “2016” three times, and added “, and provided that subsection (b) of Section 3 of federal Public Law 114-292 shall be treated as if it is in effect, except the phrase ‘Code Section 48-2-35’ shall be substituted for the phrase ‘section 6511(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986’ and the phrase ‘such section’ shall be substituted for the phrase ‘such subsection’ ” at the end of the second sentence. See Editor’s note for applicability. The 2018 amendment, effective March 2, 2018, in paragraph (14), substituted “2017” for “2016” twice; substituted “February 9, 2018” for “January 1, 2017” three times; and in the first sentence, deleted “Section 85(c),” following “except that”, deleted “Section 164(a)(6), Section 164(b)(6),” following “Section 163(e)(5)(F),”, deleted “(but not excepting Section 168(k)(2)(A)(i), Section 168(k)(2)(D)(i), and Section 168(k)(2)(E))” preceding “, Section 168(m)”, substituted “Section 179(d)(1)(B)(ii)” for “Section 172(b)(1)(H), Section 172(b)(1)(J), Section 172(j)”, inserted “Section 381(c)(20), Section 382(d)(3),” following “Section 199,”, inserted “and” following “Section 172(b)(1)(F),”, deleted “, and Section 1221” following “Section 172(i)(1)”, and inserted “and except that Section 118, Section 163(j), and Section 382(k)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, shall be treated as they were in effect before the 2017 enactment of federal Public Law 115-97,”. See Editor’s notes for applicability. The 2019 amendment, effective May 7, 2019, in paragraph (14), substituted “January 1, 2018” for “January 1, 2017” twice; and substituted “January 1, 2019” for “February 9, 2018” three times. See Editor’s notes for applicability. The 2020 amendment, effective June 30, 2020, in paragraph (14), substituted “January 1, 2019” for “January 1, 2018” twice, substituted “March 27, 2020” for “January 1, 2019” three times, and inserted “and except that all provisions in federal Public Law 116-136 (CARES Act) that change or affect in any manner Section 172 and Section 461(l) shall be treated as if they were not in effect,” in the first sentence. See Editor’s notes for applicability. The 2021 amendment, effective February 24, 2021, in paragraph (14), twice substituted “January 1, 2020” for “January 1, 2019”, and substituted “January 1, 2021” for “March 27, 2020” three times. See Editor’s notes for applicability. The 2021 Ex. Sess. amendment, effective December 8, 2021, in paragraph (14), substituted “January 1, 2021” for “January 1, 2020” twice and substituted “March 11, 2021” for “January 1, 2021” three times, and inserted “and except that all provisions in federal Public Law 117 2 (American Rescue Plan Act of 2021) that change or affect in any manner Section 461(l) shall be treated as if they were not in effect,” near the middle of the first sentence. See Editor’s notes for applicability. The 2022 amendment, effective May 2, 2022, in paragraph (14), substituted “January 1, 2022” for “March 11, 2021” three times, and added the proviso following “Public Law 115-97” in the middle. See Editor’s notes for applicability. Code Commission notes. Pursuant to Code Section 28-9-5, in 2007, quotes were deleted surrounding “, as amended,” in paragraphs (14) and (14.1); and “supersede” was substituted for “supercede” in paragraph (14.1). Editor’s notes. Ga. L. 1987, p. 191, § 10, not codified by the General Assembly, provided that the Act applied to taxable years ending on or after March 11, 1987, and that a taxpayer with a taxable year ending on or after January 1, 1987, and before March 11, 1987, may elect to have the provisions of that Act apply; and also provided that tax, penalty, and interest liabilities and refund eligibility for prior taxable years shall not be affected by that Act; and also provided that provisions of the federal Tax Reform Act of 1986 and of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which as of January 1, 1987, were not yet effective become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates as they become effective for federal purposes. Ga. L. 1988, p. 475, § 3, not codified by the General Assembly, provided that the Act applies to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1988; and also provided that provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 1988, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes. Ga. L. 1989, p. 1402, § 2, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the amendments to this Act shall apply to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1989, and that provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, which were as of January 1, 1989, enacted into law but not yet effective, shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes. Ga. L. 1990, p. 1350, § 2, not codified by the General Assembly, provided that the Act applies to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1990, and that provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, which were as of January 1, 1990, enacted into law but not yet effective, shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes. Ga. L. 1991, p. 367, § 2, not codified by the General Assembly, provided that this Act became effective April 4, 1991, and applies to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1991. Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, which were as of January 1, 1991, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes. Ga. L. 1992, p. 1441, § 2, not codified by the General Assembly, provided that the Act shall apply to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1992, and that provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 1992, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes. Ga. L. 1993, p. 728, § 2, not codified by the General Assembly, provided that the Act shall become effective April 9, 1993, and shall apply to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1993, and that provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 1993, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they became effective for federal tax purposes. Ga. L. 1994, p. 797, § 2, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the Act shall apply to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1994, and that provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 1994, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes. Ga. L. 1995, p. 324, § 2, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the Act shall apply to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1995, and that provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 1995, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes. Ga. L. 1996, p. 117, § 9, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the Act shall not repeal any provision of Ga. L. 1996, p. 130 if Ga. L. 1996, p. 130 is passed at the 1996 regular session of the General Assembly, becomes law, and becomes effective. Ga. L. 1996, p. 130, § 9, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the 1996 amendment enacted by that Act becomes effective on January 1, 1997, and shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1996, upon the ratification of House Resolution 734 (Ga. L. 1996, p. 1665) at the November 1996, general election; if such resolution is not ratified, the amendment shall not become effective and shall stand repealed on January 1, 1997. House Resolution 734 was ratified in 1996; and provided that the provisions of the Act shall not repeal but shall supersede and control over any conflicting provisions of any other Act enacted at the 1996 regular session, including, but not limited to, Ga. L. 1996, p. 117. Ga. L. 1996, p. 308, § 2, not codified by the General Assembly, provides: “This Act shall become effective upon its approval by the Governor or upon its becoming law without such approval and shall apply to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1996. Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 1996, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes.” [Ga. L. 1996, p. 308 was approved and became effective April 1, 1996.] Ga. L. 1997, p. 396, § 2, not codified by the General Assembly, makes that Act applicable “to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1997. Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 1997, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes.” Ga. L. 1998, p. 1224, § 8(b), not codified by the General Assembly, provided that the Act shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1998, and provides that: “Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 1998, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes.” Ga. L. 1999, p. 483, § 3, not codified by the General Assembly, provided that the Act shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 1999, and provides that: “Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 1999, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes.” Ga. L. 2000, p. 1296, § 2, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the amendment to this Code section is applicable to taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2000. Ga. L. 2001, p. 1224, § 2, not codified by the General Assembly, provided that the Act shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2001, and that: “Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 2001, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes.” Ga. L. 2002, p. 439, § 2, not codified by the General Assembly, provided that the Act shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2002, and that: “Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 2002, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes.” Ga. L. 2003, p. 665, § 1, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: “This Act shall be known and may be cited as the ‘State and Local Tax Revision Act of 2003.’ ” Ga. L. 2003, p. 665, § 47(b), not codified by the General Assembly, provides that paragraph (14) of this Code section is applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2003. Ga. L. 2004, p. 410, § 1, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: “This Act shall be known and may be cited as the ‘State and Local Tax Revision Act of 2004.”’ Ga. L. 2004, p. 410, § 10(b), not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the amendment by that Act shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2004, and further provides that: “Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 2004, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes.” Ga. L. 2005, p. 159, § 1/HB 488, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: “This Act shall be known and may be cited as the ‘State and Local Tax Revision Act of 2005.’ ” Ga. L. 2005, p. 159, § 27/HB 488, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the 2005 amendment applies to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2005, and further provides that: “Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 2005, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes.” Ga. L. 2006, p. 200, § 6/HB 1310, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that this Code section shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2006, and further provides that: “Provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which were as of January 1, 2006, enacted into law but not yet effective shall become effective for purposes of Georgia taxation on the same dates upon which they become effective for federal tax purposes.” Ga. L. 2007, p. 2, § 3(a)/HB 357, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that paragraph (14.1) shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning after December 31, 2005, but before January 1, 2007. Ga. L. 2007, p. 2, § 3(b)/HB 357, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that paragraph (14) shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2007. Ga. L. 2008, p. 10, § 3/HB 926, not codified by the General Assembly, provides in § 3(a) that the amendment to paragraph (14) is applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2008, and provides in § 3(b) that the addition of paragraph (14.2) is applicable to all taxable years beginning after December 31, 2006, but before January 1, 2008. Ga. L. 2009, p. 6, § 3/HB 74, not codified by the General Assembly, provides in part that the amendment to paragraph (14) shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2009, and the addition of paragraph (14.3) shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning after December 31, 2007, but before January 1, 2009. Ga. L. 2010, p. 895, § 4(b)/HB 1138, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the 2010 amendment shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2009. Ga. L. 2011, p. 38, § 10/HB 168, not codified by the General Assembly, provides, in part, that the amendment to this Code section shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2010. Ga. L. 2012, p. 694, § 5(b)/HB 729, not codified by the General Assembly, provides, in part, that the amendment to this Code section shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2011. Ga. L. 2013, p. 7, § 7(a)/HB 266, not codified by the General Assembly, provides, in part, that the 2013 amendment shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2012, except the provisions in Section 1 relating to Section 1106 of federal Public Law 112-95 shall also apply to taxable years beginning before January 1, 2012. Ga. L. 2014, p. 231, § 3/HB 918, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: “This Act shall become effective upon its approval by the Governor or upon its becoming law without such approval and Section 1 shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2013.” This Act became effective April 15, 2014. Ga. L. 2015, p. 2, § 1/HB 292, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that: “This Act shall become effective upon its approval by the Governor or upon its becoming law without such approval and shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2014.” This Act became effective March 6, 2015. Ga. L. 2016, p. 1, § 8/HB 742, not codified by the General Assembly, provides, in part, that: “Section 1 of this Act shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2015.” Ga. L. 2017, p. 4, § 2/HB 283, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the amendment of paragraph (14) shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2016. Ga. L. 2018, p. 8, § 3-1(a)/HB 918, not codified by the General Assembly, provides, in part, that this Act “shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2017.” Ga. L. 2019, p. 817, § 3/HB 419, not codified by the General Assembly, provides, in part, that this Act “shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2018.” Ga. L. 2020, p. 184, § 4-1(a)/HB 846, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the amendment of paragraph (14) “shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2019.” Ga. L. 2021, p. 1, § 2/HB 265, not codified by the General Assembly, provides, in part, that this Act “shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2020.” Ga. L. 2021, Ex. Sess., p. HB 7EX, § 2/HB 7EX, not codified by the General Assembly, provides that the amendment to paragraph (14) shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2021. Ga. L. 2022, p. 114, § 4-1/HB 1437, not codified by the General Assembly, amends Ga. L. 2018, p. 8, § 3-1/HB 918, by revising subsection (a) to read in pertinent part: “(1) Section 1-1 of this Act shall become effective upon the approval of this Act by the Governor or upon this Act becoming law without such approval and such section shall be applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2017; provided, however, that Code Section 48-1-2 as amended by Section 1-1 of this Act shall be amended by revisions contained in Acts approved by the Governor or that became or become law without such approval after March 2, 2018, and became or become applicable to tax years beginning on or after January 1, 2017.” Ga. L. 2022, p. 316, § 3/HB 1320, not codified by the General Assembly, makes paragraph (14) applicable to all taxable years beginning on or after January 1, 2021. U.S. Code. The Internal Revenue Code, referred to throughout this Code section, is codified at Title 26 of the United States Code. Administrative rules and regulations. Meaning of terms used, Official Compilation of the Rules and Regulations of the State of Georgia, Department of Revenue, Income Tax Division, § 560-7-6-.02. Law reviews. For article, “Issues and Opportunities Under Georgia’s Updated Income Tax Provisions,” see 25 Ga. St. B. J. 144 (1989). For note on the 2003 amendment to this Code section, see 20 Ga. St. U.L. Rev. 233 (2003). For article, “A Taxing Exception: Southern LNG, Inc. v. MacGinnitie’s Narrow Interpretation of the Mandamus Exception,” see 66 Mercer L. Rev. 855 (2015). For annual survey on state and local taxation: a two-year survey, see 71 Mercer L. Rev. 279 (2019). For article with annual survey on state and local taxation, see 73 Mercer L. Rev. 231 (2021). JUDICIAL DECISIONS Editor’s notes. In light of the similarity of the statutory provisions, decisions under former Code 1933, §§ 92-102, 92-113, and 92-5902 are included in the annotations for this Code section. A foreign corporation is not synonymous and cannot be equated with a nonresident corporation. Therefore, simply because a contractor may be considered a foreign corporation because it was incorporated in Texas does not preclude a finding that it is a resident contractor. Lenox Hotel Co. v. Charter Bldrs., Inc., 717 F. Supp. 1558, 1989 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 8236 (N.D. Ga. 1989). Ordinarily, bills receivable and accounts receivable are personal property and subject to be taxed. Davis v. Smith, 197 Ga. 95, 28 S.E.2d 148, 1943 Ga. LEXIS 450 (1943), aff'd, 323 U.S. 111, 65 S. Ct. 157, 89 L. Ed. 107, 1944 U.S. LEXIS 1207 (1944) (decided under former Code 1933, § 92-102). Customers’ notes used as collateral for loans are intangible personal property. — Owner of customers’ notes used as collateral for demand loans is legally obligated to pay the required intangibles tax. Yancey Bros. Co. v. United States, 319 F. Supp. 441, 1970 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 10192 (N.D. Ga. 1970) (decided under former Code 1933, § 92-113). Taxability of personal property which agent of nonresident does not have “on hand.” — Former Code 1933, §§ 92-101, 92-102 and 92-105 (see now O.C.G.A. §§ 48-1-2 and 48-5-3) declare in effect that the kinds of property mentioned in former Code 1933, § 92-6208 (see now O.C.G.A. § 48-5-16) shall be taxed in Georgia if within its jurisdiction, and manifestly the latter section was not intended to create an exception to taxability or to exempt property of any kind that is otherwise taxable, merely because, if belonging to a nonresident, an agent does not have it “on hand” in this state. Suttles v. Northwestern Mut. Life Ins. Co., 193 Ga. 495, 19 S.E.2d 396, 1942 Ga. LEXIS 446 (1942) (decided under former Code 1933, § 92-102). When corporate purpose clause of taxpayer’s charter authorizes taxpayer to engage in a gas business, the taxpayer is therefore a “gas company” within the meaning of this section although not doing a gas business. Undercofler v. Colonial Pipeline Co., 114 Ga. App. 739, 152 S.E.2d 768, 1966 Ga. App. LEXIS 906 (1966) (decided under former Code 1933, § 92-5902). Liquid petroleum products are not gas within the meaning of this section. Undercofler v. Colonial Pipeline Co., 114 Ga. App. 739, 152 S.E.2d 768, 1966 Ga. App. LEXIS 906 (1966) (decided under former Code 1933, § 92-5902). Public utility. — In a gas company’s suit against the state revenue commissioner for mandamus compelling the commissioner to accept its property tax returns under O.C.G.A. §§ 48-1-2(21) and 48-5-511(a), remand was proper to determine if the company had an acceptable alternative remedy in its pending county tax appeals under O.C.G.A. § 48-5-311, if the commissioner could be made a party to those appeals by joinder or some other procedure. Southern LNG, Inc. v. MacGinnitie, 294 Ga. 657, 755 S.E.2d 683, 2014 Ga. LEXIS 168 (2014). Mandamus improperly granted to a company. — Judgment of the trial court granting a company mandamus relief was reversed because the judgment did not show that the State Revenue Commissioner, in refusing to accept the company’s ad valorem tax returns as a gas company, violated a clear legal duty, failed to act, or engaged in arbitrary, capricious, and unreasonable actions because the company was not authorized to engage in the business of a gas company under O.C.G.A. § 46-1-1(5) nor be a natural-gas company as defined in 15 U.S.C. § 717a(6). Riley v. Southern LNG, Inc., 300 Ga. 689, 797 S.E.2d 878, 2017 Ga. LEXIS 158 (2017). OPINIONS OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL Editor’s notes. In light of the similarity of the statutory provisions, opinions under former Code 1933, § 92-102 and Ga. L. 1951, p. 360, § 3 are included in the annotations for this Code section. Georgia Seed Development Commission is included within the definition of “person.” 1971 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 71-72 (rendered under Ga. L. 1951, p. 360, § 3). Area vocational-technical schools as persons. — Area vocational-technical schools, operated by local units of school administration, engaged in selling books and other miscellaneous materials to their students on a nonprofit basis, must collect and remit sales taxes on sales made by them; upon failure to make such collections and remittances the local units are liable themselves for the tax. 1973 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 73-83 (rendered under Ga. L. 1951, p. 360, § 3 and overruled to some extent by Op. Atty Gen. 86-18). Personal property owned by persons in military service. — Resident of Georgia is required to pay ad valorem taxes upon motor vehicles owned by the resident during the time that the taxpayer is in active military service and does not physically reside in Georgia. 1952-53 Ga. Op. Att'y Gen. 425 (rendered under former Code 1933, § 92-102). Personal property of a citizen of Georgia in the military service is subject to taxation, whether such property is located within the state or outside the state because of such service. 1954-56 Ga. Op. Att'y Gen. 671 (rendered under former Code 1933, § 92-102). Legal resident of this state is liable for Georgia ad valorem taxes on personal property owned by the resident on January first, irrespective of the fact that such person is in the military service and irrespective of the fact that both the property and the owner are absent from the state on January first, or the entire year; this would be so even if no Georgia license plate were purchased. 1962 Ga. Op. Att'y Gen. 476 (rendered under former Code 1933, § 92-102). Boats owned and operated by military personnel on duty in this state, if properly registered in state of owner’s residence, are not taxable in this state. 1962 Ga. Op. Att'y Gen. 484 (rendered under former Code 1933, § 92-102). What constitutes personal property. — Vessels and other watercraft are personal property and are taxable like all other such property within the jurisdiction of a municipality where their situs for taxation is located. 1958-59 Ga. Op. Att'y Gen. 350 (rendered under former Code 1933, § 92-102). Shrimp boats are personal property and are subject to taxation in the same manner as other personal property is taxed. 1958-59 Ga. Op. Att'y Gen. 350 (rendered under former Code 1933, § 92-102). Motor vehicles of interstate motor carriers which are residents of or are domiciled in state, when not returned for ad valorem taxes, should be placed on tax digest by the county tax commissioner. 1962 Ga. Op. Att'y Gen. 491 (rendered under former Code 1933, § 92-102). When a power company’s property is located in this state and is a part of its reservoir used for producing electricity distributed to its customers, none of whom are Georgia residents, the company is a power company or a hydroelectric power company as that term is used in this section. 1968 Op. Att'y Gen. No. 68-155 (rendered under former Code 1933, § 92-5902; see O.C.G.A. § 48-1-2). RESEARCH REFERENCES Am. Jur. 2d. 63C Am. Jur. 2d, Property, §§ 8, 9, 19. 64 Am. Jur. 2d, Public Utilities, § 1 et seq.71 Am. Jur. 2d, State and Local Taxation, § 122 et seq. C.J.S. 47A C.J.S., Internal Revenue, § 1 et seq. 62 C.J.S., Municipal Corporations, § 1 et seq. 73B C.J.S., Public Utilities, § 1 et seq. 81A C.J.S., States, § 269 et seq. 82 C.J.S., Statutes, §§ 389 et seq., 402, 410 et seq., 436 et seq. ALR. Situs for taxation of membership in exchange or board of trade, 17 A.L.R. 89. Gains from unlawful business or transactions as subject of income tax, 43 A.L.R. 799; 51 A.L.R. 1026; 166 A.L.R. 891. Priority over existing lien of statutory lien upon real property for personal property taxes, 47 A.L.R. 378; 65 A.L.R. 677. Oil and gas royalty as real or personal property, 131 A.L.R. 1371. Meaning of association or joint stock company within statutes taxing associations or joint stock companies as corporations (“Massachusetts” or business trusts), 144 A.L.R. 1050; 166 A.L.R. 1461. What passes under term “personal estate” in will, 53 A.L.R.2d 1059. Solid mineral royalty as real or personal property, 68 A.L.R.2d 728. Oil and gas royalty as real or personal property, 56 A.L.R.4th 539.