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(ab) Definitions.
In this subsection: 1. “Frame” includes: a. Every part of a motorcycle, except the tires. b. In the case of a truck, the control system and the fuel and drive train, excluding any comfort features located in the cab or the tires. c. In the case of a generator, the control modules, fuel train, fuel scrubbing process, fuel mixers, generator, heat exchangers, exhaust train, and similar components. 2. “Internal combustion engine” includes substitute products such as fuel cell, electric, and hybrid drives. 3. “Vehicle” means any vehicle or frame, including parts, accessories, and component technologies, in which or on which an engine is mounted for use in mobile or stationary applications. “Vehicle” includes any truck, tractor, motorcycle, snowmobile, all-terrain vehicle, boat, personal watercraft, generator, construction equipment, lawn and garden maintenance equipment, automobile, van, sports utility vehicle, motor home, bus, or aircraft.
“Frame” includes: a. Every part of a motorcycle, except the tires. b. In the case of a truck, the control system and the fuel and drive train, excluding any comfort features located in the cab or the tires. c. In the case of a generator, the control modules, fuel train, fuel scrubbing process, fuel mixers, generator, heat exchangers, exhaust train, and similar components.
Every part of a motorcycle, except the tires.
In the case of a truck, the control system and the fuel and drive train, excluding any comfort features located in the cab or the tires.
In the case of a generator, the control modules, fuel train, fuel scrubbing process, fuel mixers, generator, heat exchangers, exhaust train, and similar components.
“Internal combustion engine” includes substitute products such as fuel cell, electric, and hybrid drives.
“Vehicle” means any vehicle or frame, including parts, accessories, and component technologies, in which or on which an engine is mounted for use in mobile or stationary applications. “Vehicle” includes any truck, tractor, motorcycle, snowmobile, all-terrain vehicle, boat, personal watercraft, generator, construction equipment, lawn and garden maintenance equipment, automobile, van, sports utility vehicle, motor home, bus, or aircraft.
1. Except as provided in subds. 2. and 3., for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2015, any corporation may credit against taxes otherwise due under this chapter an amount equal to 5 percent of the amount obtained by subtracting from the corporation’s qualified research expenses, as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year, except that a taxpayer may elect the alternative computation under section 41 (c) (4) of the Internal Revenue Code and that election applies until the department permits its revocation, except as provided in par. (af), and except that “qualified research expenses” does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx), the corporation’s base amount, as defined in section 41 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code, except that gross receipts used in calculating the base amount means gross receipts from sales attributable to Wisconsin under s. 71.25 (9) (b) 1. and 2., (df) 1. and 2., (dh) 1., 2., and 3., (dj), and (dk). Section 41 (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this paragraph. 2. For taxable years beginning after June 30, 2007, and before January 1, 2015, any corporation may credit against taxes otherwise due under this chapter an amount equal to 10 percent of the amount obtained by subtracting from the corporation’s qualified research expenses, as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to designing internal combustion engines for vehicles, including expenses related to designing vehicles that are powered by such engines and improving production processes for such engines and vehicles, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year, except that a taxpayer may elect the alternative computation under section 41 (c) (4) of the Internal Revenue Code and that election applies until the department permits its revocation, except as provided in par. (af), and except that “qualified research expenses” does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx), the corporation’s base amount, as defined in section 41 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code, except that gross receipts used in calculating the base amount means gross receipts from sales attributable to Wisconsin under s. 71.25 (9) (b) 1. and 2., (df) 1. and 2., (dh) 1., 2., and 3., (dj), and (dk). Section 41 (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this paragraph. 3. For taxable years beginning after June 30, 2007, and before January 1, 2015, any corporation may credit against taxes otherwise due under this chapter an amount equal to 10 percent of the amount obtained by subtracting from the corporation’s qualified research expenses, as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to the design and manufacturing of energy efficient lighting systems, building automation and control systems, or automotive batteries for use in hybrid-electric vehicles, that reduce the demand for natural gas or electricity or improve the efficiency of its use, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year, except that a taxpayer may elect the alternative computation under section 41 (c) (4) of the Internal Revenue Code and that election applies until the department permits its revocation, except as provided in par. (af), and except that “qualified research expenses” does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx), the corporation’s base amount, as defined in section 41 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code, except that gross receipts used in calculating the base amount means gross receipts from sales attributable to Wisconsin under s. 71.25 (9) (b) 1. and 2., (df), 1. and 2., (dh) 1., 2., and 3., (dj), and (dk). Section 41 (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this paragraph. 4. a. Except as provided in subds. 5. and 6., for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2014, a corporation may claim a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, as allocated under par. (d), an amount equal to 5.75 percent of the amount by which the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year exceed 50 percent of the average qualified research expenses for the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. If the corporation had no qualified research expenses in any of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit, the claimant may claim an amount equal to 2.875 percent of the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. b. For purposes of subd. 4. a. “qualified research expenses” means qualified research expenses as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year and does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx), the corporation’s base amount. Section 41 (f) (1), (2), (5), and (6) and (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this subdivision. 5. a. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2014, a corporation may claim a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, as allocated under par. (d), an amount equal to 11.5 percent of the amount by which the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year exceed 50 percent of the average qualified research expenses for the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. If the corporation had no qualified research expenses in any of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit, the claimant may claim an amount equal to 5.75 percent of the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. b. For purposes of subd. 5. a., “qualified research expenses” means qualified research expenses as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to designing internal combustion engines for vehicles, including expenses related to designing vehicles that are powered by such engines and improving production processes for such engines and vehicles, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year and does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx). Section 41 (f) (1), (2), (5), and (6) and (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this subdivision. 6. a. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2014, a corporation may claim a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, as allocated under par. (d), an amount equal to 11.5 percent of the amount by which the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year exceed 50 percent of the average qualified research expenses for the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. If the corporation had no qualified research expenses in any of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit, the claimant may claim an amount equal to 5.75 percent of the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. b. For purposes of subd. 6. a., “qualified research expenses” means qualified research expenses as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to the design and manufacturing of energy efficient lighting systems, building automation and control systems, or automotive batteries for use in hybrid-electric vehicles, that reduce the demand for natural gas or electricity or improve the efficiency of its use, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year and does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx). Section 41 (f) (1), (2), (5), and (6) and (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this subdivision.
Except as provided in subds. 2. and 3., for taxable years beginning before January 1, 2015, any corporation may credit against taxes otherwise due under this chapter an amount equal to 5 percent of the amount obtained by subtracting from the corporation’s qualified research expenses, as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year, except that a taxpayer may elect the alternative computation under section 41 (c) (4) of the Internal Revenue Code and that election applies until the department permits its revocation, except as provided in par. (af), and except that “qualified research expenses” does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx), the corporation’s base amount, as defined in section 41 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code, except that gross receipts used in calculating the base amount means gross receipts from sales attributable to Wisconsin under s. 71.25 (9) (b) 1. and 2., (df) 1. and 2., (dh) 1., 2., and 3., (dj), and (dk). Section 41 (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this paragraph.
For taxable years beginning after June 30, 2007, and before January 1, 2015, any corporation may credit against taxes otherwise due under this chapter an amount equal to 10 percent of the amount obtained by subtracting from the corporation’s qualified research expenses, as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to designing internal combustion engines for vehicles, including expenses related to designing vehicles that are powered by such engines and improving production processes for such engines and vehicles, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year, except that a taxpayer may elect the alternative computation under section 41 (c) (4) of the Internal Revenue Code and that election applies until the department permits its revocation, except as provided in par. (af), and except that “qualified research expenses” does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx), the corporation’s base amount, as defined in section 41 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code, except that gross receipts used in calculating the base amount means gross receipts from sales attributable to Wisconsin under s. 71.25 (9) (b) 1. and 2., (df) 1. and 2., (dh) 1., 2., and 3., (dj), and (dk). Section 41 (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this paragraph.
For taxable years beginning after June 30, 2007, and before January 1, 2015, any corporation may credit against taxes otherwise due under this chapter an amount equal to 10 percent of the amount obtained by subtracting from the corporation’s qualified research expenses, as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to the design and manufacturing of energy efficient lighting systems, building automation and control systems, or automotive batteries for use in hybrid-electric vehicles, that reduce the demand for natural gas or electricity or improve the efficiency of its use, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year, except that a taxpayer may elect the alternative computation under section 41 (c) (4) of the Internal Revenue Code and that election applies until the department permits its revocation, except as provided in par. (af), and except that “qualified research expenses” does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx), the corporation’s base amount, as defined in section 41 (c) of the Internal Revenue Code, except that gross receipts used in calculating the base amount means gross receipts from sales attributable to Wisconsin under s. 71.25 (9) (b) 1. and 2., (df), 1. and 2., (dh) 1., 2., and 3., (dj), and (dk). Section 41 (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this paragraph.
a. Except as provided in subds. 5. and 6., for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2014, a corporation may claim a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, as allocated under par. (d), an amount equal to 5.75 percent of the amount by which the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year exceed 50 percent of the average qualified research expenses for the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. If the corporation had no qualified research expenses in any of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit, the claimant may claim an amount equal to 2.875 percent of the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. b. For purposes of subd. 4. a. “qualified research expenses” means qualified research expenses as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year and does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx), the corporation’s base amount. Section 41 (f) (1), (2), (5), and (6) and (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this subdivision.
Except as provided in subds. 5. and 6., for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2014, a corporation may claim a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, as allocated under par. (d), an amount equal to 5.75 percent of the amount by which the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year exceed 50 percent of the average qualified research expenses for the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. If the corporation had no qualified research expenses in any of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit, the claimant may claim an amount equal to 2.875 percent of the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit.
For purposes of subd. 4. a. “qualified research expenses” means qualified research expenses as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year and does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx), the corporation’s base amount. Section 41 (f) (1), (2), (5), and (6) and (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this subdivision.
a. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2014, a corporation may claim a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, as allocated under par. (d), an amount equal to 11.5 percent of the amount by which the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year exceed 50 percent of the average qualified research expenses for the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. If the corporation had no qualified research expenses in any of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit, the claimant may claim an amount equal to 5.75 percent of the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. b. For purposes of subd. 5. a., “qualified research expenses” means qualified research expenses as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to designing internal combustion engines for vehicles, including expenses related to designing vehicles that are powered by such engines and improving production processes for such engines and vehicles, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year and does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx). Section 41 (f) (1), (2), (5), and (6) and (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this subdivision.
For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2014, a corporation may claim a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, as allocated under par. (d), an amount equal to 11.5 percent of the amount by which the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year exceed 50 percent of the average qualified research expenses for the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. If the corporation had no qualified research expenses in any of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit, the claimant may claim an amount equal to 5.75 percent of the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit.
For purposes of subd. 5. a., “qualified research expenses” means qualified research expenses as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to designing internal combustion engines for vehicles, including expenses related to designing vehicles that are powered by such engines and improving production processes for such engines and vehicles, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year and does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx). Section 41 (f) (1), (2), (5), and (6) and (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this subdivision.
a. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2014, a corporation may claim a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, as allocated under par. (d), an amount equal to 11.5 percent of the amount by which the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year exceed 50 percent of the average qualified research expenses for the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. If the corporation had no qualified research expenses in any of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit, the claimant may claim an amount equal to 5.75 percent of the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. b. For purposes of subd. 6. a., “qualified research expenses” means qualified research expenses as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to the design and manufacturing of energy efficient lighting systems, building automation and control systems, or automotive batteries for use in hybrid-electric vehicles, that reduce the demand for natural gas or electricity or improve the efficiency of its use, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year and does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx). Section 41 (f) (1), (2), (5), and (6) and (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this subdivision.
For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2014, a corporation may claim a credit against the tax imposed under s. 71.23, as allocated under par. (d), an amount equal to 11.5 percent of the amount by which the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year exceed 50 percent of the average qualified research expenses for the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit. If the corporation had no qualified research expenses in any of the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit, the claimant may claim an amount equal to 5.75 percent of the corporation’s qualified research expenses for the taxable year for which the claimant claims the credit.
For purposes of subd. 6. a., “qualified research expenses” means qualified research expenses as defined in section 41 of the Internal Revenue Code, except that “qualified research expenses” includes only expenses incurred by the claimant for research related to the design and manufacturing of energy efficient lighting systems, building automation and control systems, or automotive batteries for use in hybrid-electric vehicles, that reduce the demand for natural gas or electricity or improve the efficiency of its use, incurred for research conducted in this state for the taxable year and does not include compensation used in computing the credit under sub. (1dx). Section 41 (f) (1), (2), (5), and (6) and (h) of the Internal Revenue Code does not apply to the credit under this subdivision.
For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2015, if in any taxable year a corporation claims a credit under par. (ad) 1., 2., or 3., or any combination of those credits, the corporation may use a different computation method to calculate each of the credits and may choose to change the computation method once for each credit without the department’s approval.
For taxable year 1985 and subsequent years, adjustments for acquisitions and dispositions of a major portion of a trade or business shall be made under section 41 of the internal revenue code as limited by this subsection.
In the case of any short taxable year, qualified research expenses shall be annualized as prescribed by the department of revenue.
If a portion of qualified research expenses is incurred partly within and partly outside this state and the amount incurred in this state cannot be accurately determined, a portion of the qualified expenses shall be reasonably allocated to this state. Expenses incurred entirely outside this state for the benefit of research in this state are not allocable to this state under this paragraph.
In the case of a change in ownership or business of a corporation, section 383 of the internal revenue code, as limited by this subsection, applies to the carry-over of unused credits.
If a credit computed under this subsection is not entirely offset against Wisconsin income or franchise taxes otherwise due, the unused balance may be carried forward and credited against Wisconsin income or franchise taxes otherwise due for the following 50 taxable years to the extent not offset by these taxes otherwise due in all intervening years between the year in which the expense was incurred and the year in which the carry-forward credit is claimed.
The department of revenue has full power to administer the credits provided in this subsection and may take any action, conduct any proceeding and proceed as it is authorized in respect to income and franchise taxes imposed in this chapter. The income and franchise tax provisions in this chapter relating to assessments, refunds, appeals, collection, interest and penalties apply to the credits under this subsection.
No credit may be allowed under this subsection unless it is claimed within the period specified in s. 71.75 (2).
Except as provided in par. (j), the credits under this subsection may not be claimed by a partnership, except a publicly traded partnership treated as a corporation under s. 71.22 (1k), limited liability company, except a limited liability company treated as a corporation under s. 71.22 (1k), or tax-option corporation or by partners, including partners of a publicly traded partnership, members of a limited liability company or shareholders of a tax-option corporation.
Partnerships, limited liability companies, and tax-option corporations may not claim the credit under this subsection, but the eligibility for, and the amount of, the credit are based on their payment of amounts under par. (ad). A partnership, limited liability company, or tax-option corporation shall compute the amount of credit that each of its partners, members, or shareholders may claim and shall provide that information to each of them. Partners, members of limited liability companies, and shareholders of tax-option corporations may claim the credit in proportion to their ownership interests.
Notwithstanding par. (f), for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017, if the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6. exceeds the tax otherwise due under s. 71.23, all of the following apply: 1. a. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2021, the amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due, not to exceed 10 percent of the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6., shall be certified by the department of revenue to the department of administration for payment by check, share draft, or other draft drawn from the appropriation account under s. 20.835 (2) (d). b. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020 and before January 1, 2024, the amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due, up to 15 percent of the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6., shall be certified by the department of revenue to the department of administration for payment by check, share draft, or other draft drawn from the appropriation account under s. 20.835 (2) (d). c. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2023, the amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due, not to exceed 25 percent of the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6., shall be certified by the department of revenue to the department of administration for payment by check, share draft, or other draft drawn from the appropriation account under s. 20.835 (2) (d). 2. The amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due and not certified for payment under subd. 1. may be carried forward and credited against Wisconsin income or franchise taxes otherwise due for the following 50 taxable years to the extent not offset by these taxes otherwise due in all intervening years between the year in which the expense was incurred and the year in which the carry-forward credit is claimed.
a. For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2021, the amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due, not to exceed 10 percent of the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6., shall be certified by the department of revenue to the department of administration for payment by check, share draft, or other draft drawn from the appropriation account under s. 20.835 (2) (d). b. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020 and before January 1, 2024, the amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due, up to 15 percent of the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6., shall be certified by the department of revenue to the department of administration for payment by check, share draft, or other draft drawn from the appropriation account under s. 20.835 (2) (d). c. For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2023, the amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due, not to exceed 25 percent of the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6., shall be certified by the department of revenue to the department of administration for payment by check, share draft, or other draft drawn from the appropriation account under s. 20.835 (2) (d).
For taxable years beginning before January 1, 2021, the amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due, not to exceed 10 percent of the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6., shall be certified by the department of revenue to the department of administration for payment by check, share draft, or other draft drawn from the appropriation account under s. 20.835 (2) (d).
For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2020 and before January 1, 2024, the amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due, up to 15 percent of the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6., shall be certified by the department of revenue to the department of administration for payment by check, share draft, or other draft drawn from the appropriation account under s. 20.835 (2) (d).
For taxable years beginning after December 31, 2023, the amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due, not to exceed 25 percent of the allowable amount of the claim under par. (ad) 4., 5., or 6., shall be certified by the department of revenue to the department of administration for payment by check, share draft, or other draft drawn from the appropriation account under s. 20.835 (2) (d).
The amount of the claim not used to offset the tax due and not certified for payment under subd. 1. may be carried forward and credited against Wisconsin income or franchise taxes otherwise due for the following 50 taxable years to the extent not offset by these taxes otherwise due in all intervening years between the year in which the expense was incurred and the year in which the carry-forward credit is claimed.