Income tax; sales factor; how determined

(b) Property shipped from an office, store, warehouse, factory, or other place of storage in this state if (i) the purchaser is the United States Government or (ii) for all taxable years beginning or deemed to begin before January 1, 1995, under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, the taxpayer is not taxable in the state of the purchaser;

(c) For all taxable years beginning or deemed to begin on or after January 1, 1995, and before January 1, 1996, under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, two-thirds of the property shipped from an office, store, warehouse, factory, or other place of storage in this state if the taxpayer is not taxable in the state of the purchaser; or

(d) For all taxable years beginning or deemed to begin on or after January 1, 1996, but before January 1, 1997, under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, one-third of the property shipped from an office, store, warehouse, factory, or other place of storage in this state if the taxpayer is not taxable in the state of the purchaser.

(3) For sales other than sales of tangible personal property, except for sales as described in subsection (4) of this section:

(a) Sales of a service are in this state if the sales are derived from a buyer within this state. Sales of a service are derived from a buyer within this state if:

(i) The service, when rendered, relates to real property located in this state;

(ii) The service, when rendered, relates to tangible personal property located in this state at the time the service is received;

(iii) The service, when rendered, is provided to an individual physically present in this state at the time the service is received; or

(iv) The service, when rendered, is provided to a buyer engaged in a trade or business in this state and relates to that part of the trade or business then operated in this state. For services described in this subdivision, if the buyer uses the service within and without this state, calculated using any reasonable method, the sales are apportioned between the use in this state in proportion to the use of the service in this state and the other states;

(b) Sales of an application service are in this state if the buyer uses the application service in this state. The application service is used in this state if, the buyer, from a location in this state:

(i) Uses it in the regular course of business in this state; or

(ii) If the buyer is an individual, his or her billing address is in this state. If the buyer is not an individual and uses the application service within and without this state, calculated using any reasonable method, the sales are apportioned between the use in this state in proportion to the use of the application service in this state and the other states. If the location of a sale cannot be determined, the sale of an application service is in the state from which the order was placed in the regular course of the customer's business. If that office cannot be determined, the sales are considered received at the customer's billing address;

(c) Sales of intangible property are in this state if the buyer uses the intangible property at a location in this state. If the buyer uses the intangible property within and without this state, the sales are apportioned between this state in proportion to the use of the intangible property in this state and the other states. If the location of a sale cannot be determined, the sale of intangible property is in this state if the buyer's billing address is in this state;

(d) Interest, dividends, investment income, and other net gains from transactions in intangible assets held in connection with a treasury function, other than net gains from the sale or redemption of marketable securities, are in this state to the extent that it is included in taxable income and to the extent the investment, management, and record-keeping activities associated with corporate investments occur in this state;

(e) Gross interest, fees, points, charges, and penalties from loans, net gains from the sale of loans, and loan servicing fees derived from loans owned by the taxpayer or another person, including servicing participations, secured by real property or tangible personal property are in this state if the property securing the loan is located in this state. If the real or tangible personal property securing the loan is located within and without this state, the gross interest, fees, points, charges, and penalties from loans, net gains from the sale of loans, and loan servicing fees derived from loans owned by the taxpayer or another person, including servicing participations, are based upon the ratio of the annual average amortized loan balance of a loan secured by the real property or tangible personal property located in this state to the annual average amortized loan balance of a loan secured by the real property or tangible personal property located within and without this state;

(f) Gross interest, fees, points, charges, and penalties from loans, net gains from the sale of loans, and loan servicing fees derived from loans owned by the taxpayer or another person, including servicing participations, that are not secured by real or tangible personal property are in this state if the borrower is located in this state, which location shall be presumed to be the borrower's billing address;

(g) Gross interest, fees, points, charges, and penalties from credit card receivables and gross receipts from annual fees and other fees charged to credit card holders are in this state if the billing address of the credit card holder is in this state;

(h) Net gains, but not less than zero, from the sale of credit card receivables are in this state if the billing address of the credit card holder is in this state;

(i) Gross receipts from the lease, rental, or licensing of tangible personal property are in this state to the extent the property is located in this state;

(j) Gross receipts from the sale, lease, rental, or licensing of real property are in this state if the real property is located in this state; and

(k) Sales other than sales of tangible personal property not specifically addressed in this subsection must be sourced so as to fairly represent the extent of the taxpayer's business activity in this state. This requirement will be considered met in the following situations: (i) If the buyer is an individual, a sale is deemed to have occurred at the buyer's billing address; and (ii) if the buyer is not an individual and the sale is from an order placed in the regular course of the customer's business, the sale is deemed to have occurred in the state from which the order was placed and, if that place cannot be readily determined, the sale is deemed to have occurred at the customer's billing address.

(4) To continue the tax policy of this state which enhances the deployment of broadband in rural and underserved areas of this state, sales, other than sales of tangible personal property, of a communications company are in this state if: (a) The income-producing activity is performed in this state; or (b) the income-producing activity is performed both in and outside this state and a greater proportion of the income-producing activity is performed in this state than in any other state, based on costs of performance.