Definitions

The following definitions apply to this part, unless the context indicates otherwise:

Actuarial equivalence means a state of equivalent value demonstrated through the use of generally accepted actuarial principles and in accordance with section 1860D-11(c) of the Act and with CMS actuarial guidelines.

Authorized generic drug means a drug as defined in section 505(t)(3) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 355(t)).

Biological product means a product licensed under section 351 of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262).

Biosimilar biological product means a biological product licensed under section 351(k) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262(k)) that, in accordance with section 351(i)(2) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262(i)(2)), is highly similar to the reference product, notwithstanding minor differences in clinically inactive components, and has no clinically meaningful differences between the biological product and the reference product, in terms of the safety, purity, and potency of the product.

Brand name biological product means a product licensed under section 351(a) (42 U.S.C. 262(a)) or 351(k) (42 U.S.C. 262(k)) of the Public Health Service Act and marketed under a brand name.

Brand name drug means a drug for which an application is approved under section 505(c) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 USC 355(c)), including an application referred to in section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (21 USC 355(b)(2)).

Cost plan means a plan operated by a Health Maintenance Organization (HMO) or Competitive Medical Plan (CMP) in accordance with a cost-reimbursement contract under section 1876(h) of the Act.

Credible allegation of fraud means an allegation from any source, including but not limited to the following:

(1) Fraud hotline tips verified by further evidence.

(2) Claims data mining.

(3) Patterns identified through provider audits, civil false claims cases, and law enforcement investigations. Allegations are considered to be credible when they have indicia of reliability.

Downstream entity means any party that enters into a written arrangement, acceptable to CMS, with persons or entities involved with the Part D benefit, below the level of the arrangement between a Part D plan sponsor (or applicant) and a first tier entity. These written arrangements continue down to the level of the ultimate provider of both health and administrative services.

Eligible fallback entity or fallback entity is defined at § 423.855.

Fallback prescription drug plan is defined at § 423.855.

First tier entity means any party that enters into a written arrangement, acceptable to CMS, with a Part D plan sponsor or applicant to provide administrative services or health care services for a Medicare eligible individual under Part D.

Fiscally sound operation means an operation which at least maintains a positive net worth (total assets exceed total liabilities).

Formulary means the entire list of Part D drugs covered by a Part D plan.

Fraud hotline tip is a complaint or other communications that are submitted through a fraud reporting phone number or a website intended for the same purpose, such as the Federal Government's HHS OIG Hotline or a health plan's fraud hotline.

Full-benefit dual eligible individual has the meaning given the term at § 423.772, except where otherwise provided.

Generic drug means a drug for which an application under section 505(j) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 USC 355(j)) is approved.

Geographic area means the state in which a prescriber is practicing.

Group health plan is defined at § 423.882.

Immediate need individual means a beneficiary whose enrollment into LI NET is on the basis of presumed low income subsidy eligibility and immediate need of a Part D drug.

Inappropriate prescribing means that, after consideration of all the facts and circumstances of a particular situation identified through investigation or other information or actions taken by Medicare Advantage (MA) organizations and Part D plan sponsors, there is an established pattern of potential fraud, waste, and abuse related to prescribing of opioids, as reported by the plan sponsors. Beneficiaries with cancer and sickle-cell disease, as well as those patients receiving hospice and long term care (LTC) services are excluded, when determining inappropriate prescribing. Plan sponsors may consider any number of factors including, but not limited, to the following:

(1) Documentation of a patient's medical condition.

(2) Identified instances of patient harm or death.

(3) Medical records, including claims (if available).

(4) Concurrent prescribing of opioids with an opioid potentiator in a manner that increases risk of serious patient harm.

(5) Levels of morphine milligram equivalent (MME) dosages prescribed.

(6) Absent clinical indication or documentation in the care management plan or in a manner that may indicate diversion.

(7) State-level prescription drug monitoring program (PDMP) data.

(8) Geography, time, and distance between a prescriber and the patient.

(9) Refill frequency and factors associated with increased risk of opioid overdose.

Insurance risk means, for a participating pharmacy, risk of the type commonly assumed only by insurers licensed by a State and does not include payment variations designed to reflect performance-based measures of activities within the control of the pharmacy, such as formulary compliance and generic drug substitutions, nor does it include elements potentially in the control of the pharmacy (for example, labor costs or productivity).

Interchangeable biological product means a product licensed under section 351(k) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262(k)) that FDA has determined meets the standards described in section 351(k)(4) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262(k)(4)), which in accordance with section 351(i)(3) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262(i)(3)), may be substituted for the reference product without the intervention of the health care provider who prescribed the reference product.

Limited Income Newly Eligible Transition (LI NET) sponsor means a Part D sponsor selected by CMS to administer the LI NET program.

MA stands for Medicare Advantage, which refers to the program authorized under Part C of title XVIII of the Act.

MA plan has the meaning given the term in § 422.2 of this chapter.

MA-PD plan means an MA plan that provides qualified prescription drug coverage.

Medicare prescription drug account means the account created within the Federal Supplementary Medical Insurance Trust Fund for purposes of Medicare Part D.

Monthly beneficiary premium means the amount calculated under § 423.286 for Part D plans other than fallback prescription drug plans, and § 423.867(a) for fallback prescription drug plans.

MTM program means a medication therapy management program described at § 423.153(d).

Outlier prescriber of opioids means a prescriber who is a statistical outlier compared to their peers in a specialty and geographic area.

PACE Plan means a plan offered by a PACE organization.

PACE organization is defined in § 460.6 of this chapter.

Parent organization means the legal entity that exercises a controlling interest, through the ownership of shares, the power to appoint voting board members, or other means, in a Part D sponsor or MA organization, directly or through a subsidiary or subsidiaries, and which is not itself a subsidiary of any other legal entity.

Part D eligible individual means an individual who meets the requirements at § 423.30(a).

Part D plan (or Medicare Part D plan) means a prescription drug plan, an MA-PD plan, a PACE Plan offering qualified prescription drug coverage, or a cost plan offering qualified prescription drug coverage.

Part D plan sponsor or Part D sponsor refers to a PDP sponsor, MA organization offering a MA-PD plan, a PACE organization offering a PACE plan including qualified prescription drug coverage, and a cost plan offering qualified prescription drug coverage.

PDP region means a prescription drug plan region as determined by CMS under § 423.112.

PDP sponsor means a nongovernmental entity that is certified under this part as meeting the requirements and standards of this part that apply to entities that offer prescription drug plans. This includes fallback entities.

Persistent outlier prescriber of opioids means an outlier prescriber identified by CMS in three consecutive outlier prescriber notifications.

Pharmacist means any individual who holds a current valid license to practice pharmacy in a State or territory of the United States or the District of Columbia.

Prescription drug plan or PDP means prescription drug coverage that is offered under a policy, contract, or plan that has been approved as specified in § 423.272 and that is offered by a PDP sponsor that has a contract with CMS that meets the contract requirements under subpart K of this part. This includes fallback prescription drug plans.

Reference product means a product as defined in section 351(i)(4) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262(i)(4)).

Related entity means any entity that is related to the Part D sponsor by common ownership or control and

(1) Performs some of the Part D plan sponsor's management functions under contract or delegation;

(2) Furnishes services to Medicare enrollees under an oral or written agreement; or

(3) Leases real property or sells materials to the Part D plan sponsor at a cost of more than $2,500 during a contract period.

Service area (Service area does not include facilities in which individuals are incarcerated.) means for—

(1) A prescription drug plan, an area established in § 423.112(a) within which access standards under § 423.120(a) are met;

(2) An MA-PD plan, an area that meets the definition of MA service area as described in § 422.2 of this chapter, and within which access standards under § 423.120(a) are met;

(3) A fallback prescription drug plan, the service area described in § 423.859(b);

(4) A PACE plan offering qualified prescription drug coverage, the service area described in § 460.12(c) of this chapter; and

(5) A cost plan offering qualified prescription drug coverage, the service area defined in § 417.1 of this chapter.

Specialty means the National Plan Provider Enumeration System (NPPES) taxonomy of a prescriber.

Subsidy-eligible individual means a full subsidy eligible individual (as defined at § 423.772) or other subsidy eligible individual (as defined at § 423.772).

Substantiated or suspicious activities of fraud, waste, or abuse means and includes, but is not limited to, allegations that a provider of services (including a prescriber) or supplier;

(1) Engaged in a pattern of improper billing;

(2) Submitted improper claims with suspected knowledge of their falsity;

(3) Submitted improper claims with reckless disregard or deliberate ignorance of their truth or falsity; or

(4) Is the subject of a fraud hotline tip verified by further evidence.

Tiered cost-sharing means a process of grouping Part D drugs into different cost sharing levels within a Part D sponsor's formulary.

Unbranded biological product means a product licensed under a biologics license application (BLA) under section 351(a) or 351(k) of the Public Health Service Act (42 U.S.C. 262(a) or 262(k)) and marketed without a brand name. It is licensed under the same BLA as the corresponding brand name biological product.